Fungal endophytes of Panicum maximum and Pennisetum purpureum: isolation, identification, and determination of antifungal potential

This study aimed to isolate and identify endophytic fungi from the forage grass P. maximum and evaluate their ability to inhibit the growth of plant pathogenic fungi. One sample from P. purpureum grass was also included. Surface disinfected stem fragments were used for endophytic fungal isolation. One hundred and twenty-six endophytic fungi were isolated, of which 118 were from P. maximum and eight from P. purpureum. Morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 18S (NS) sequence comparisons identified most isolated endophytic fungi as belonging to the phylum Ascomycota, with Sarocladium being the dominant genus. The isolates were subjected to in vitro antagonism tests against pathogenic fungi, and 31 endophytic fungi inhibited the growth of Bipolaris maydis, Penicillium expansum, and Sclerotinia minor. The results expand our knowledge of the diversity of endophytes associated with tropical grasses and suggest that they may represent new sources of antifungal metabolites for biocontrol and biotechnological purposes