In vitro germination and seedling development of cryopreserved Dendrobium hybrid mature seeds

In vitro germination and seedling development from Dendrobium Swartz. hybrid ‘Sena Red’, ‘Mini WRL’, ‘Jaquelyn Thomas’, and ‘BFC Pink’ seeds cryopreserved through vitrification (PVS2) were evaluated. Germination percentages after cryopreservation (LN) were variable among different controls and treatments, despite the initial high seed viability for all hybrids. Seeds exposed to PVS2 at ice temperature from 1 to 3 h prior to LN exhibited significantly higher germination than seeds exposed to PVS2 at room temperature for the same time periods. No significant differences in germination percentages were observed for time exposure to PVS2 at 1, 2 or 3 h for ‘Sena Red’, ‘Mini WRL’, and ‘BFC Pink’. Seeds of ‘Jaquelyn Thomas’ exposed to 1 h prior to LN showed higher germination percentage than for exposure to 2 or 3 h. The combination of a pre-cooling treatment (ice) with a dehydration treatment (PVS2) for a period of time of 1–3 h was essential to allow proper germination of cryopreserved seeds. Although variability in seed germination among different hybrids and treatments was observed, germination was above 50% of the controls and all germinated seeds developed into normal seedlings with healthy shoot and root formation. No abnormalities, nutritional deficiencies, or diseases were observed in developed seedlings and no significant differences were observed for seedling growth and development from germinated seeds among the different hybrids. Seedlings transplanted to pots acclimatized well and developed into normal plants within 6–8 months in greenhouse. Transplanted seedlings exhibited 100% survival for all hybrids