Guinea-Bissau immigrant transnationalism in Portugal: a substitute for a failed state?

The article describes Guinea-Bissau immigrant organisations in Portugal and their role as transnational actors. Such organisations are analysed in accordance with a typology used previously, emphasising different sorts of activities in home country and are conceptualised as a substitute for a Guinea-Bissau failed state. Indeed, we are in front of a traditional case of organisational transnationalism that constitutes a third force at a distance. In fact, immigrants and their organisations are in parallel with home state and civil society, the third force that we could call a transnational immigrant civil society, developing and providing economic and social rights to their home communities.