A framework for using the handprint concept in attributional life cycle (sustainability) assessment

Handprint refers to the good society does for the environment, but this definition gives room for different interpretations. While in life cycle (sustainability) assessment (LC(S)A) its use is still at infancy, the effective communication potential of Handprint terminology gives room for increasing its application in the future. The objective of this article is to propose a framework to distinguish and classify various types of handprint, when they are intended to be used in LC(S)A studies. Building on the current structure of LC(S)A regarding the cause-effect chain, from flows to impacts, a framework to allow understanding the beneficial, adverse and net effects various flows can cause to different actors is created. Based on that, three handprint types are proposed, i.e., Direct, Indirect and Relative. These types can be subdivided into more specific/complex types of handprint, e.g., Indirect Relative Handprint (adverse). Illustrations with case studies (fictive and from literature) are used to suggest some guidance. With this proposal, a first step to consistently introduce the handprint concept into LC(S)A is achieved, but future challenges still exist (e.g., development of quantitative methods for beneficial impacts from product’s functionality, in footprint-consistent units)