In situ characterization of stem cells-like biomarkers in meningiomas

Background: Meningioma cancer stem cells (MCSCs) contribute to tumor aggressiveness and drug resistance. Suc‑cessful therapies developed for inoperable, recurrent, or metastatic tumors must target these cells and restrict their contribution to tumor progression. Unfortunately, the identity of MCSCs remains elusive, and MSCSs’ in situ spatial distribution, heterogeneity, and relationship with tumor grade, remain unclear.Methods: Seven tumors classified as grade II or grade III, including one case of metastatic grade III, and eight grade I meningioma tumors, were analyzed for combinations of ten stem cell (SC)‑related markers using immunofluores‑cence of consecutive sections. The correlation of expression for all markers were investigated. Three dimensional spa‑tial distribution of markers were qualitatively analyzed using a grid, designed as a repository of information for positive staining. All statistical analyses were completed using Statistical Analysis Software Package.Results: The patterns of expression for SC‑related markers were determined in the context of two dimensional distri‑bution and cellular features. All markers could be detected in all tumors, however, Frizzled 9 and GFAP had differential expression in grade II/III compared with grade I meningioma tissues. Correlation analysis showed significant relation‑ships between the expression of GFAP and CD133 as well as SSEA4 and Vimentin. Data from three dimensional analy‑sis showed a complex distribution of SC markers, with increased gene hetero‑expression being associated with grade II/III tumors. Sub regions that showed multiple co‑staining of markers including CD133, Frizzled 9, GFAP, Vimentin, and SSEA4, but not necessarily the proliferation marker Ki67, were highly associated with grade II/III meningiomas.Conclusion: The distribution and level of expression of CSCs markers in meningiomas are variable and show hetero‑expression patterns that have a complex spatial nature, particularly in grade II/III meningiomas. Thus, results strongly support the notion of heterogeneous populations of CSCs, even in grade I meningiomas, and call for the use of multiple markers for the accurate identification of individual CSC subgroups. Such identification will lead to practical clinical diagnostic protocols that can quantitate CSCs, predict tumor recurrence, assist in guiding treatment selection for inoperable tumors, and improve follow up of therapyS