Ling de kao gu xue yan jiu: 4500BC-1046BC = Archaeological research on ling: 4500BC-1046BC

Ph.D.This thesis conducts research on Ling from 4500 BC to 1046 BC. Which kind of artifact can be named after Ling, where and when did Ling originated and how did it flourished in wide spread area and archaeological cultures will be analyzed in this thesis.According to our research, Ling derived from tortoiseshell rattle and was widely accepted in areas affected by Jiahu Culture, like the lower reach of Huai River and upper reach of Han River. Despite of the wide distribution, most of Lings were recovered from specific large-sized sites and within each site they were found clustered together. During the third phase of Neolithic Ling, Ling from Laohushan Culture, clarified as the northern Ling system, had immigrated southwards and appeared in Taosi culture. With the powerful strength of Taosi Culture, Lings from the northern Ling system widely emerged in Central Plain during 2300-2000BC. Erlitou Culture combined the northern Ling system with the Zhengzhou Ling system, then create their own bronze Ling. The residents who use these Lings were believed to be economic and military elites who probably had close relationship to their kings. Middle Shang period is still a blank spot in ling’s typological sequence. During the second phase of late Shang Culture, ling suddenly became ubiquitous. Its cooccurrence with military weapons and close relationship with male warriors demonstrates ling as a representative of military power. Ling served as a token of king’s prerogative and the person who was bestowed a bell was legitimized to claim the right to be a military noble and involved in military or sacrificial ceremonies.本文以新石器時代晚期至晚商考古發現的鈴為研究對象，對于鈴的界定、鈴的起源、傳播及發展過程進行了詳細地分析。鈴在不同發展階段，不同文化背景下表現出相同的以發聲為主的器物特征，同時又能與時俱進地容納多樣的器用制度，是一種適應性強、傳播範圍廣且具備可持續發展能力的權威物品。最早的鈴誕生于4500BC左右，以賈湖遺址的龜甲響器為原型，演變出帶壁穿孔的ⅠBa型鈴，之後此類鈴在賈湖文化的影響區域得到了廣泛的傳播。在新石器時代晚期鈴發展的最後一個階段，以內蒙古中南部老虎山文化為代表的北方系陶鈴強勢南下，藉由陶寺文化的影響傳播至黃河中下游地區。二里頭文化融合了陶寺文化銅鈴及鄭州系陶鈴，在二者之上進一步優化銅鈴的聲音性能并于二里頭二期建立自身的銅鈴及陶鈴器用制度，鈴成為二里頭社會頂層人員使用的高等級禮器，成為二里頭文化禮制建設的強有力象征物。二里頭的鈴為早商文化繼承，雖然在中商階段相對沉寂，但于晚商二期重新煥發生機，建立了晚商獨有的銅鈴器用制度。晚商銅鈴具備明顯地軍事職能象征性，在殷墟及晚商文化控制區域得到普遍傳播。晚商銅鈴作為發令人身份的象征物，通過鈴的賜予，建立了發令者與受命者之間的權力與義務關係；銅鈴同時作還為命令的載體，成為契約成立的信物。本文通過對鈴的器型、材質變化的完整梳理，構建了新石器晚期至晚商鈴的編年體系。明確了鈴的辨識方法，規範了鈴的命名方式，討論了鈴的起源，證明了鈴的使用方法，提供了陶鈴使用痕跡判斷標準，鏈接了二里頭銅鈴與龍山文化末期陶鈴之間的承繼關係，總結了二里頭文化陶鈴的考古學背景，系統分析了商文化銅鈴的演變及社會性質。我們認為鈴作為中國獨立起源的最早權威物之一，對於了解禮器的形成，探索區域將上層文化交流網，研究早期國家形成階段以權威物為核心的政治系統構建有十分重要的意義。鄧玲玲.Parallel title from added title page.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2018.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 202-214).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 23, 2020).Deng Lingling