Fear conditioning is one of the most commonly used tasks to study the formation of emotional memories. In this thesis, we were interested in odor fear conditioning in which the arrival of an odor is followed after a fixed time interval by an aversive stimulus. The animal learns very quickly that the odor predicts the arrival of the aversive stimulus and develops a fear response to the odor characterized by different behaviors such as immobility of fear (freezing), the emission of ultrasonic vocalizations, or variations in respiratory rate. The first objective of this thesis was to characterize the impact of ultrasonic vocalization emission on the rat's brain activities. In this learning, the animal also learns the duration of the interval ...