Laboratory investigations of iceberg capsize dynamics, energy dissipation and tsunamigenesis

We present laboratory experiments designed to quantify the stability and energy budget of buoyancy-driven iceberg capsize.We present laboratory experiments designed to quantify the stability and energy budget of buoyancy-driven iceberg capsize. Box-shaped icebergs were constructed out of low-density plastic, hydrostatically placed in an acrylic water tank containing freshwater of uniform density, and allowed (or forced, if necessary) to capsize. The maximum kinetic energy (translational plus rotational) of the icebergs was 15% of the total energy released during capsize, and radiated surface wave energy was 1% of the total energy released. The remaining energy was directly transferred into the water via hydrodynamic coupling, viscous drag, and turbulence. The dependence of iceberg capsize instability on iceberg aspect ratio implied by the tank experiments was found to closely agree with analytical predictions based on a simple, hydrostatic treatment of iceberg capsize. This analytical treatment, along with the high Reynolds numbers for the experiments (and considerably higher values for capsizing icebergs in nature), indicates that turbulence is an important mechanism of energy dissipation during iceberg capsize and can contribute a potentially important source of mixing in the stratified ocean proximal to marine ice margins.Funding for this project was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation (ANT0944193, ANT0732869, ANS0806393, and DMR-0807012). D.S.A. was supported by the T. C. Chamberlin Fellowship of the University of Chicago and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. We thank the Fultz family for supporting the hydrodynamics laboratory at the University of Chicago. Comments from A. Jenkins, M. Funk, an anonymous reviewer, and editor M. Truffer greatly improved the clarity of this manuscript.Ye