The Sputum Microbiome, Airway Inflammation and Mortality in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background: The sputum microbiome has a potential role in disease phenotyping and risk stratification in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but few large longitudinal cohort studies exist. Objective: Our aim was to investigate the COPD sputum microbiome and its association with inflammatory phenotypes and mortality.Methods: 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was performed on sputum from 253 clinically stable COPD patients (4-year median follow-up). Samples were classified as Proteobacteria or Firmicutes (phylum level) and Haemophilus or Streptococcus (genus level) dominant. Alpha diversity was measured by using Shannon-Wiener diversity and Berger-Parker dominance indices. Survival was modeled by using Cox proportional hazards regression. A subset of 78 patients had label-free liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry performed, with partial least square discriminant analysis integrating clinical, microbiome, and proteomics data.Results: Proteobacteria dominance and lower diversity was associated with more severe COPD according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease classification system (P =.0015), more frequent exacerbations (P =.0042), blood eosinophil level less than or equal to 100 cells/μL (P <.0001), and lower FEV 1 (P =.026). Blood eosinophil counts showed a positive relationship with percent of Firmicutes and Streptococcus and a negative association with percent Proteobacteria and Haemophilus. Proteobacteria dominance was associated with increased mortality compared with Firmicutes-dominated or balanced microbiome profiles (hazard ratio = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.43-4.66; P =.0017 and hazard ratio = 7.47; 95% CI = 1.02-54.86; P =.048, respectively). Integrated omics analysis showed significant associations between Proteobacteria dominance and the neutrophil activation pathway in sputum.Conclusion: The sputum microbiome is associated with clinical and inflammatory phenotypes in COPD. Reduced microbiome diversity, associated with Proteobacteria (predominantly Haemophilus) dominance, is associated with neutrophil-associated protein profiles and an increased risk of mortality.