Process fundamentals: From conventional biological wastewater treatment to MBR

Understanding of microbial processes and kinetics of degradation of various organic and inorganic micro and macro-pollutants helped in developing the conventional activated sludge processes in the late 19th century. Research and development in wastewater treatment have further helped the innovation of advanced processes such as membrane bioreactors (MBR). This chapter illustrates the fundamentals of the MBR technology, which has recently emerged as a membrane-based biological process capable of advanced treatment of wastewater, producing water that is reusable for various purposes