The development of intelligent 3D GIS applications in urban space

Pedestrians need support for efficient navigation within and among high-rise buildings to carry out their daily activities in 3D urban environments. Organisations that expand and grow in 3D urban spaces rely on their capacity for accurately locating, mapping and reporting asset information in a complex 3D context to support their effective asset management. Emergency operations in 3D urban settings depend on support for efficient navigation between locations in one or more multi-storey buildings. Metropolitan high buildings are typically represented as two-dimensional (2D) floor plans to outline floor-level space configurations or, as three-dimensional (3D) building blocks to illustrate the topography of urban areas