Cooperative Effects of Epoxide Functional Groups on Natural Rubber and Silane Coupling Agents on Reinforcing Efficiency of Silica

Polar functionality attached onto natural rubber has a significant impact on the reinforcing efficiency of silica. Parallel studies involving various levels of epoxidation on natural rubber (ENR) in the absence of bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) coupling agent, as well as a combination of ENRs with different loadings of TESPT, provide a better understanding of the various factors that influence the properties of silica-filled ENR compounds. Based on the overall properties, the best possible combination to optimize processability, to reduce filler–filler interaction, and improve vulcanization rate as well as vulcanizate properties, is to use ENR with an epoxide content in the range of 20–30 mol%, together with a small portion of TESPT, that is, 2–4 wt% relative to the silica content. This leads to a reduction of approximately 60–80% of TESPT when compared with the conventional NR compounds, where the optimal loading of TESPT was 9.0 wt% relative to the silica content