Propagation Model For Wave Scattering Effects Caused By Trees

The characteristics of the radio channel propagation effects are most important to the performance of delay estimation in radio navigation and synchronization in digital communications. The presented work proposes a model of wave scattering effects caused by isolated trees at L-band for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and synchronization applications. Physical aspects of tree scattering comprise for example attenuation by leaves and scattering due to branches and forks whose sizes are of the order of the carrier frequency. Treetops can be regarded as a heterogeneous volume consisting of a plethora of randomly distributed scattering elements. Simplifications are necessary to model these treetop wave propagation effects. Based on radio channel measurements, a geometrical model of trees within a virtual scenery is proposed that accurately and realistically models the reflective behavior and dispersion in delay versus time due to treetop scattering