Surface tension of γ-TiAl-based alloys

Within the Integrated Project IMPRESS, funded by the EU, a concerted action was taken to determine the thermophysical properties of a c-TiAl-based alloys, suitable for casting of large turbine blades for aeroengines and stationary gas turbines. The challenge was to develop a castable alloy, free of grain refiners and susceptible to heat treatment. Owing to the high reactivity of this class of alloys, many difficulties were encountered to process the liquid phase in a crucible. This prevented also the measurements of specific heat, viscosity and electrical conductivity in the liquid phase. However, surface tension and density could be measured using container-less techniques. For the surface tension determination, both the oscillating droplet method by the electromagnetic levitation as well as a combined method using two methodologies in one test (i.e. the pendant drop and sessile drop) by an advanced experimental complex that has been designed for investigations of high temperature capillarity phenomena were applied. All the quantities have been obtained as a function of temperature, in some cases also in the undercooled liquid. In this article, we report a comparative discussion on the results obtained for the surface tension of Ti–Al–Nb and Ti–Al–Ta alloys, together with the corresponding theoretical values calculated by thermodynamic models