The role and nature of universal health services for pregnant women, children and families in Australia

INTRODUCTION Recent reports indicate that social policy in developed countries has seen positive results in well - child health and safety, child material security, education and socialisation (UNICEF, 2007) . In countries where child health is supported by policy, children have relatively high levels of well - being as measured by material well - being, health and safety, educational well - being, family and peer relationships, behaviours, risks and subjective well - being (UNICEF, 2007) . In Australia, the overall health, development and well - being of children is high on many indicators. Childhood mortality rates have halved over the last two decades, the incidence of vaccin e - preventable diseases has been reduced since the introduction of immunisation (92% of two - year - olds being fully vaccinated in 2004) and the proportion of households with young children in which a household member smoked inside the house has decreased over the past decade (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2005) . However, concerns are emerging related to rapid social change and the associated new morbidities such as increasing levels of behaviou ral, developmental, mental health and social problems. This has resulted in early childhood becoming a priority for Australian government and non - government organizations (Australian Institute of Health a nd Welfare, 2005) . Health indicators also continue to show significant disparities between Indigenous and non - Indigenous children. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Infant mortality is three times the rate of non - Indigenous Australians and more th an 50 per cent higher than Indigenous children in the USA and New Zealand (National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation & Oxfam Australia, 2007) , and Indigenous babies are more than twice as likely to be born with low birth weight or premature, wi th a negative impact on their growth and development (Australian medical Association report care series, 2005