Lead as a public health problem: Is it overestimated?

Exposure to lead, both in the workplace and for the population generally, is one of the most important public health problems in the United States. Ingesting or inhaling lead causes neurological disorders, including death at high doses [Needleman (1988)]. Lead is toxic to the kidney, decreases cognitive function, and leads to behavioral disorders at lower doses. Billions of dollars have been spent to produce gasoline without lead (to boost the octane) and to remove lead paint from older houses [Environmental Protection Agency, (1985)].