Information Warfare

This edition addresses information warfare. Firstly, Jolanta Darczewska and Piotr Żochowski examine the use of “active measures” by Russian special services in support of Russian foreign policy. Secondly, Robert W. Orttung argues that Russia has sought to use various information warfare techniques to sow division and chaos in the U.S., but it remains unclear to what extent Russian actions had an impact on the thinking or behavior of American citizens. Thirdly, Marlene Laruelle considers the two-way street of Russia’s relationship with France, noting that Russia’s main influence within France comes via firms working in Russia and some conservative factions among Les Républicains. Fourthly, Gemma Pörzgen outlines that in spite of the hysteria in the German media about an expected Russian disinformation campaign before the German elections, Russian foreign media outlets were not influential in spreading any relevant fake stories to the German public.ISSN:1863-042