Pubs, Temperance, and the Construction of Irishness in James Joyce\u27s Ulysses

Ulysses can be read as a bar crawl; three episodes and part of a fourth are set in public houses, while various characters walk to and from drinking activities and establishments throughout the day. However, Ulysses\u27 main character, Leopold Bloom, is an extremely moderate drinker and not considered a regular patron at any public house. His practicing of temperance is one example of how Bloom does not embody the typical Irish masculinity. However, the drinking culture in Ulysses has not been fully explored in context of the temperance movement which was an ongoing cause in 1904 Dublin despite Guinness\u27s Brewery being the city\u27s largest industry, occupying 40 acres and employing 3,000. Therefore, this thesis discusses how James Joyce, in his focus on drinkers in Ulysses, is reexamining his wholly negative depiction of paralyzed drunks in Dubliners and reacting against the moralistic judgment of the temperance movement. Due to his own sympathy towards, yet difficulties with, drinking, as well as Dublin\u27s troubles with, yet reliance on, the industry, Joyce shows a complex relationship between drinking and Ireland in 1904. In Ulysses, drinking is so strongly tied to Irishness that a non-drinker (Bloom) cannot fully identify as an Irish man and is troubled to find male bonding without overindulging or treating. Yet Bloom does find a bond at the end, as he and Stephen share not alcohol but coffee then cocoa. Stephen then walks back out into the city having gained a father figure who exemplifies moderate drinking behavior based on logic rather than social reform. Thus, the conclusion shows hope for Ireland\u27s move from the inebriated despair portrayed in Dubliners towards a more inclusive masculinity and temperate nationalism