Differentiating academic and vocational hospitality and tourism education: the milieu of Indonesia

This chapter explores the development of a distinctive curriculum framework for the hospitality and tourism bachelor degree programmes within Indonesia’s higher education system. The framework considered and built in this study stresses reflection and action concepts based on integrating established educational philosophies. Semi-structured/in-depth interviews with key educational stakeholders informed the application and development of these ideas in the Indonesian context. Although some similar elements may appear in the curricula of both programmes, by differentiating the underpinning educational philosophies – which in turn lead to separate aims and objectives, content, learning and instruction and assessment – the differences between the academic and vocational bachelor degrees can be articulated