Returning to paradise: investigating long term tourism crisis recovery on the island of Bali

While the past decade has seen the rapid proliferation of theory, literature, and research, in the field of tourism disaster and crisis management, few empirical studies of destination recovery extend beyond a crisis catalyst and subsequent return to pre-crisis conditions or "business as usual". As a longitudinal case study, Bali provides significant insight into tourism crisis vulnerability and exposure due to issues such as rapid unplanned development and over dependency on tourism revenue. Additionally, the recovery experience from two separate targeted terrorist attacks on the island, reveals considerable lessons, challenges and issues for government, the tourism industry and destination host communities. While the restoration of image and visitor numbers may be indicative of recovery from disaster and tourism crisis, holistic recovery is premised in comprehensive disaster risk reduction and sustainability