Reproductive sensitivity to elevated water temperatures in female Atlantic salmon is heightened at certain stages of vitellogenesis

In order to compare the effects on reproductive performance of short-term or prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures during vitellogenesis, female Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were held at a water temperature of 22° C for periods of 4 or 6 weeks during the austral summer and autumn. Plasma levels of 17β-oestradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and vitellogenin (Vtg) were monitored and reproductive success was compared to that in groups of fish maintained at 14 or 22° C for 12 weeks from mid-January. Significant endocrine effects were observed within as few as 3 days of the commencement of exposure to 22° C, when plasma levels of E2 (c. 0·5 ng ml−1) and Vtg (c. 1·4 mg ml−1) were approximately half those observed in fish maintained at 14° C (c. 1·0 ng ml−1 and 2·7 mg ml−1 respectively). The fertility and survival to the eyed stage of ova from fish held at 14° C exceeded 85 and 70% respectively, whereas ova from fish held at 22° C for 6 or 12 weeks exhibited significantly reduced fertility (<70 and <45% respectively) and survival (c. 40 and 13% respectively). In spite of significant endocrine effects at all stages, a 4 week exposure to 22° C only generated significant reductions in egg fertility (