Reduced population size does not affect the mating strategy of a vulnerable and endemic seabird

Bottleneck episodes may occur in small and isolated animal populations, which may result in decreased genetic diversity and increased inbreeding, but also in mating strategy adjustment. This was evaluated in the vulnerable and socially monogamous Monteiro's Storm-petrel Hydrobates monteiroi, a seabird endemic to the Azores archipelago which has suffered a dramatic population decline since the XVth century. To do this, we conducted a genetic study (18 microsatellite markers) in the population from Praia islet, which has been monitored over 16 years. We found no evidence that a genetic bottleneck was associated with this demographic decline. Monteiro's Storm-petrels paired randomly with respect to genetic relatedness and body measurements. Pair fecundity was unrelated to genetic relatedness between partners. We detected only two cases of extra-pair parentage associated with an extra-pair copulation (out of 71 offspring). Unsuccessful pairs were most likely to divorce the next year, but genetic relatedness between pair mates and pair breeding experience did not influence divorce. Divorce enabled individuals to improve their reproductive performances after re-mating only when the new partner was experienced. Re-pairing with an experienced partner occurred more frequently when divorcees changed nest than when they retained their nest. This study shows that even in strongly reduced populations, genetic diversity can be maintained, inbreeding does not necessarily occur, and random pairing is not risky in terms of pair lifetime reproductive success. Given, however, that we found no clear phenotypic mate choice criteria, the part played by non-morphological traits should be assessed more accurately in order to better understand seabird mating strategies.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (PRAXIS/C/BIA/13194/98 and POCTI-BIA-13194/98 to MB, PTDC/BIABDE/67286/2006 to JB, and SFRH/BPD/88914/2012 to VCN); Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (Programme COMPETE, ref. FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-007061); Programmes ‘MARE’ (Life contract B4-3200/98-509), ‘OGAMP’ (Interreg IIIB-MAC/4.2/A2), ‘MARMAC’ (Interreg IIIB/FEDER/MARMAC/003-4/2005-6 and Interreg IIIB-05/MAC/4.2/A4), MoniAves (Programme launched by the Regional Environment Directorate from the Azores); Luso-French Integrated Actions Programmes (PESSOA 4.1.1/França and PAUILF F-30/07)