The role of grain refiner in the nucleation of AlFeSi intermetallic phases during solidification of a 6xxx aluminum alloy

Primary grain refinement using inoculant additions and intermetallic compound (IMC) phase selection are critical aspects in the solidification of commercial aluminum alloys, controlling the final mechanical properties in service. Although there have been studies which suggest there are explicit interactions between the two phenomena, they have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, through study of intermetallic phase particles extracted from an inoculated casting, key features relating to the nucleation of different intermetallic phasesandnbsp;viaandnbsp;eutectic reactions are recognized and explained. In particular, rake-like IMCs are identified as initiation points for the deleteriousandnbsp;andbeta;-AlFeSi IMC phase in a model 6xxx series Al alloy. A mechanism is proposed for howandnbsp;TiB2andnbsp;inoculant particles, which are commonly used for primary phase refinement, play a role in enhancing the nucleation of intermetallic phases during eutectic reactions at the liquid/andalpha;-Al interface in the final stages of solidification. The implication of this mechanism is that, after the event of primary grain refinement, any unusedandnbsp;TiB2andnbsp;inoculant particles could be contributing to IMC formation thereby affecting the overall type, size, and distribution of intermetallic phases in the solidified alloy.