Non-parametric Direct Multi-step Estimation for Forecasting Economic Processes.

We evaluate the asymptotic and finite-sample properties of direct multi-step estimation DMS) for forecasting at several horizons. For forecast accuracy gains from DMS in finite samples, mis-specification and non-stationarity of the DGP are necessary, but when a model is well-specified, iterating the one-step ahead forecasts may not be asymptotically preferable. If a model is mis-specified for a non-stationary DGP, in particular omitting either negative residual serial correlation or regime shifts, DMS can forecast more accurately. Monte Carlo simulations clarify the nonlinear dependence of the estimation and forecast biases on the parameters of the DGP, and explain existing results