The solutions to traffic congestion in Istanbul

Public transport in urban areas of the developing world is highly complex, due to the systems involved, the large number of origins and destinations, and the amount and variety of traffic. Istanbul is typical of these issues. Due to unplanned urbanisation over the past decades, the city is now facing a severe urban transport crisis, such as noise pollution, traffic congestion, traffic accidents, etc. These crises are mainly due to a limited transport infrastructure, a rapid increase in motor vehicle ownership and poor public transport services, etc. This study will analyse the urban transport systems of Istanbul (i.e. minibus and bus) and the extent and cause of the traffic congestion faced by the city. Through a review of the literature, this essay will attempt to clarify the ways in which the city can mitigate the above mentioned issues and improve its public transport