Recent Amazon Climate as background for possible ongoing and future changes of Amazon humid forests

Recent analyses of Amazon runoff and gridded precipitation data suggest an intensification of the hydrological cycle over the past few decades in the following sense: wet-season precipitation and peak river runoff (since ∼ 1980) as well as annual-mean precipitation (since ∼ 1990) have increased while dry-season precipitation and minimum runoff have slightly decreased. There has also been an increase in the frequency of anomalously severe floods and droughts. Here we extend and expand these analyses to characterize recent climate state and change, as a background for possible ongoing and future changes of these forests. The contrasting recent changes in wet and dry season precipitation have continued and are generally consistent with changes in catchment-level peak and minimum river runoff as well as a positive trend of water vapour inflow into the basin. Consistent with the river records the increased vapour inflow is concentrated to the wet season. Temperature has been rising by 0.7∘C since 1980 with more pronounced warming during dry months. Suggestions for the cause of the observed changes of the hydrological cycle come from patterns in tropical sea surface temperatures (SST's). Tropical and North Atlantic SST's have increased rapidly and steadily since 1990, while Pacific SST's have shifted from a negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phase (approximately pre 1990) with warm eastern Pacific temperatures to a positive phase with cold eastern Pacific temperatures. These SST conditions have been shown to be associated with an increase in precipitation over most of the Amazon except the south and south-west. If ongoing changes continue we expect these to be generally beneficial for forests in those regions where there is an increase in precipitation with the exception of floodplain forests. An increase in flood-pulse height and duration could lead to increased mortality at higher levels of the floodplain and, over the long term, to a lateral shift of the zonally stratified floodplain forest communities. Negative effects on forests are mainly expected in the south-west and south, which have become slightly drier and hotter, consistent with tree mortality trends observed at the RAINFOR forest plot census network