Investigation of blood groups and screening of antibodies

Blood transfer {--} transfusion {--} is today{\crq}s most frequent transplantation. Blood is transferred from healthy donor to ill recipient. Result of translation depends on antigens and antibodies of blood groups, which are specific to each individual. We distinguish blood groups dictated by leukocytes (white blood cells), trombocytes (platelets), and erythrocytes (red blood cells). Blood group antigens are most frequently located on cell membranes. Antibodies are located in blood plasma; we distinguish two types. Natural antibodies are the first type of antibodies, which are present in blood without any prior immunization. Immune or obtained antibodies are those, who are present after immunization of a patient by transfer of blood of other group or in women during pregnancy. Today, transfusion of erythrocytes or of blood plasma is the most frequent. Before transfusion, it is necessary to find out whether donor{\crq}s antibodies do not react with recipient{\crq}s antigens in case of plasma transfusion and/or whether recipient{\crq}s antibodies do not react with donoer{\crq}s antigens in case of erythrocyte transfusion. For this reason, blood groups are investigated and antibodies screening is performed before each transfusion. During blood group investigation, antibodies and antigens of two most important blood systems are checked. This concerns AB0 system and Rh system, where non-presence of main antigen D is checked. Antigen D is very strong antigen with great antigenous force, which frequently provokes creation of antibodies. Blood group system AB0 is the only system which includes natural antibodies against antigens, which are not present on the surface of erythrocytes. In case of blood group system Rh, only immune antibodies are known. Other blood groups systems include antigens with lesser antigenous force. These systems are only important when antibodies are present. So-called antibodies screening is a method which checks for presence of antibodies. There are two methods to consider. First method uses a test tube, while the other uses gel agglutination in solid phase. My Bachelor Work compares both systems in the following areas: reliability, validity, effort, and cost