Aging Assessment and Design Enhancement of Randomized Cache Memories

Critical real-time systems require the estimation of the worst-case execution time (WCET) for scheduling purposes and resource budgeting. Measurement-based probabilistic timing analysis (MBPTA) has been shown recently as a powerful approach for WCET estimation. MBPTA builds upon time-randomized cache memories. While aging has been deeply analyzed for conventional time-deterministic caches (i.e., implementing modulo placement), little work has been done to assess the reliability of time-randomized caches. In this line, only the WCET analysis of faulty time-randomized caches has been introduced recently. However, the intrinsic robustness of randomized hardware designs has not been assessed yet. In this paper we perform, for the first time, an assessment of the agingrobustness of random placement cache designs: random modulo and hash-based random placement. We propose a new random modulo implementation preserving its key benefits in terms of low critical path impact, low miss rates and MBPTA compliance; while reducing hot-carrier injection aging by achieving a better, yet random, activity distribution across cache sets. On the other hand, we show that gains in terms of bias temperature instability aging are limited for random placement designs on their own.The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under the PROXIMA Project (www.proxima-project.eu), grant agreement no 611085. This work has also been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under grant TIN2015-65316-P and the HiPEAC Network of Excellence. Jaume Abella has been partially supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under Ramon y Cajal postdoctoral fellowship number RYC-2013-14717. Carles Hern´andez is jointly funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER funds through grant TIN2014-60404-JIN.Peer Reviewe