Pivotal role of protein kinase C(δ) in angiotensin II-induced endothelial cyclooxygenase-2 expression: a link to vascular inflammation

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that angiotensin II (Ang II) induced endothelial cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, which in turn mediated the generation of proinflammatory cytokines. Methods and results: Western blot analysis on primary rat endothelial cells showed Ang II induced COX-2 expression, which was abolished by cotreatment of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (SB 202190) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (PD 98059) inhibitors. Protein kinase C{delta} (PKC{delta}) inhibitor (rottlerin) prevented extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and COX-2 expression. The pivotal role of PKC{delta} was further supported by a similar stimulatory effect of the PKC activator on COX-2 expression, signified by Ang II-stimulated translocation of PKC{delta} to the plasma membrane, and confirmed by PKC{delta} phosphorylation at Tyr311. Small interfering RNA targeting PKC{delta} diminished COX-2 expression, which was further abrogated by SB 202190. Human mesenteric arteries incubated with Ang II showed increased levels of endothelial COX-2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; the former was inhibited by SB 202190 plus rottlerin, whereas the latter was prevented by COX-2 inhibitor. Conclusions: The present study pinpoints a novel role of PKC{delta} in Ang II-induced endothelial COX-2 upregulation and identifies a COX-2-dependent proatherosclerotic cytokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The findings raise the possibility of curtailing endothelial COX-2 expression as a means of limiting or preventing vascular inflammation