Nonverbal memory and organizational dysfunctions are related with distinct symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Recent acceptance that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) represents a heterogeneous phenomenon has underscored the need for dimensional approaches to this disorder. However little is known about the relation between neuropsychological functions and symptom dimensions. The purpose of this study was to identify the cognitive deficits correlated with specific symptom dimensions. Thirteen categories in the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale symptom checklist from 144 patients with OCD were analyzed by principal component analysis. Correlations between identified symptom dimensions and neuropsychological functioning, measured by the Boston Qualitative Scoring System, were analyzed. Five factors or dimensions were identified: contamination/cleaning, hoarding, symmetry/ordering, obsessions/checking, and repeating/counting. Dysfunctions in nonverbal memory and organizational strategies were related to the symmetry/ordering dimension and the obsessions/checking dimension, respectively. The results of the present study support a transculturally stable symptom structure for OCD. They also suggest the possibility that nonverbal memory dysfunction and organizational impairment are mediated by distinct obsessive-compulsive dimensions. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.This research was supported by a grant (2009K001270) from the Brain Research Center of the 21st Century Frontier Research Program and by WCU (World Class University) program through the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (R31-2009- 000-10089-0) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea.Bloch MH, 2008, AM J PSYCHIAT, V165, P1532Stewart SE, 2008, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V47, P763, DOI 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318172ef1eMatsunaga H, 2008, AM J PSYCHIAT, V165, P251CHA KR, 2008, DEPRESS ANXIETY, V25, P115Olley A, 2007, J AFFECT DISORDERS, V104, P15, DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2007.02.023Simpson HB, 2006, J PSYCHIAT RES, V40, P247, DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.04.004Shin MS, 2006, NAT PROTOC, V1, P892, DOI 10.1038/nprot.2006.115Roh KS, 2005, PSYCHIAT CLIN NEUROS, V59, P539Sookman D, 2005, BEHAV THER, V36, P393Rufer M, 2005, J AFFECT DISORDERS, V88, P99, DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2005.06.003Hasler G, 2005, PSYCHIAT RES, V135, P121, DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.03.003Mataix-Cols D, 2005, AM J PSYCHIAT, V162, P228Penades R, 2005, PSYCHIAT RES, V133, P81, DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.09.005Kim SJ, 2005, NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGY, V52, P176, DOI 10.1159/000088860Shin MS, 2004, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, V18, P665, DOI 10.1037/0894-4105.18.4.665McKay D, 2004, CLIN PSYCHOL REV, V24, P283, DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.04.003Lochner C, 2004, EUR NEUROPSYCHOPHARM, V14, P105, DOI 10.1016/S0924-977X(03)00063-4Kuelz AK, 2004, BIOL PSYCHOL, V65, P185, DOI 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.07.007Abramowitz JS, 2003, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V71, P1049, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.71.6.1049Kim MS, 2002, J PSYCHIAT RES, V36, P257Mataix-Cols D, 2002, PSYCHIAT RES, V109, P255Cavallini MC, 2002, AM J MED GENET, V114, P347, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1700Mataix-Cols D, 2002, AM J PSYCHIAT, V159, P263Saxena S, 2002, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V63, P21Williams TI, 2002, BEHAV COGN PSYCHOTH, V30, P69, DOI 10.1017/S1352465802001078Erzegovesi S, 2001, J CLIN PSYCHOPHARM, V21, P488Alonso P, 2001, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V62, P535Leckman JF, 2001, AM J MED GENET, V105, P28Khanna S, 2000, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V47, p127SOkasha A, 2000, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V101, P281Somerville J, 2000, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V22, P613Savage CR, 2000, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, V14, P141Mataix-Cols D, 1999, AM J PSYCHIAT, V156, P1409Zohar AH, 1999, CHILD ADOL PSYCH CL, V8, P445Summerfeldt LJ, 1999, BEHAV RES THER, V37, P297Savage CR, 1999, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V45, P905Mataix-Cols D, 1999, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V45, P898Calamari JE, 1999, BEHAV RES THER, V37, P113Tallis F, 1999, BEHAV RES THER, V37, P161STERN RA, 1999, BOSTON QUALITATIVE SDECKERSBACH T, 1999, 33 ANN CONV ASS ADVBlack DW, 1998, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V59, P420Purcell R, 1998, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V55, P415Purcell R, 1998, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V43, P348Leckman JF, 1997, AM J PSYCHIAT, V154, P911Zohar AH, 1997, AM J PSYCHIAT, V154, P274Veale DM, 1996, PSYCHOL MED, V26, P1261FIRST MB, 1996, STRUCTURED CLIN INTEBAER L, 1994, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V55, P18KHANNA S, 1992, PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, V25, P283CHRISTENSEN KJ, 1992, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V31, P4YUM TH, 1992, MANUAL KOREAN WECHSLMARTINOT JL, 1990, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V82, P233BECK AT, 1990, MANUAL BECK ANXIETYGOODMAN WK, 1989, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V46, P1012HEAD D, 1989, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V25, P929INSEL TR, 1986, AM J PSYCHIAT, V143, P1527RASMUSSEN SA, 1986, AM J PSYCHIAT, V143, P317FOA EB, 1983, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V51, P287BECK AT, 1961, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V4, P561