Prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis in Korea: A community-based cohort study with lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density

Purpose: To investigate bone mineral density (BMD) profiles, osteoporosis prevalence and risk factors in a community-based cohort in Korea. Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of 1,547 men and 1991 women aged 40 years and older with BMD measurements using central dual energy X-ray absorptiometry from a prospective community-based cohort. The data were compared with other ethnic groups. Risk factors related to osteoporosis were analyzed. Results: Crude prevalence of osteoporosis in the whole subjects (40-79 years old) was 13.1% for men and 24.3% for women by WHO criteria, at any site among lumbar spine, femoral neck or total hip. Standardized prevalence of osteoporosis between age of 50 and 79 at lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip was 12.9%, 1.3% and 0.7% in men and 24.0%, 5.7% and 5.6% in women, respectively. The mean BMD of studied female subjects after age of 50 was not significantly different from that of Chinese but significantly lower than that of Japanese, non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans. Risk of osteoporosis was significantly associated with the presence of past fracture history (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.08-1.94), smoking >= 1 pack/day (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.01-2.62), menarche after age of 16 (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.14-1.87), last delivery after age of 30 (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.20-2.09), more than three offspring (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.07-1.89), post-menopause status (OR, 7.32; 95% CI, 3.05-17.6), more than 17 years since menopause (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.10-2.14), regular exercise of two to three times per week (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.18-0.89), monthly income above 500,000 won per household (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45-0.92), college graduate (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.13-0.63) and calcium intake 627.5 mg/day (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.43-0.98) after adjusting for age and BMI. Conclusion: The BMD and osteoporosis prevalence of Koreans are presented. Risk of osteoporosis was significantly associated with fracture history, smoking, reproductive history, regular exercise, income level, education background and calcium intake. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Venkat KK, 2009, BONE, V45, P449, DOI 10.1016/j.bone.2009.05.005Emaus N, 2009, EUR J EPIDEMIOL, V24, P321, DOI 10.1007/s10654-009-9333-zPapaioannou A, 2009, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V20, P507, DOI 10.1007/s00198-008-0720-1Navarro MC, 2009, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V20, P393, DOI 10.1007/s00198-008-0697-9Waugh EJ, 2009, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V20, P1, DOI 10.1007/s00198-008-0643-xLewiecki EM, 2008, BONE, V43, P1115, DOI 10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.106Amiri M, 2008, INT J PUBLIC HEALTH, V53, P290, DOI 10.1007/s00038-008-8033-xCui LH, 2008, J BONE MINER METAB, V26, P609, DOI 10.1007/s00774-007-0847-8Chevalley T, 2008, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V93, P2594, DOI 10.1210/jc.2007-2644Ribom EL, 2008, J CLIN DENSITOM, V11, P404, DOI 10.1016/j.jocd.2007.12.014Kanis JA, 2008, BONE, V42, P467, DOI 10.1016/j.bone.2007.11.001Ahn Y, 2007, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V61, P1435, DOI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602657Allali F, 2007, MATURITAS, V57, P392, DOI 10.1016/j.maturitas.2007.04.006Lau EMC, 2006, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V17, P297, DOI 10.1007/s00198-005-2019-9YANG S, 2006, NORMATIVE STUDY BONECauley JA, 2005, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V16, P1525, DOI 10.1007/s00198-005-1866-8Cheng WM, 2005, CHINESE CHEM LETT, V16, P1481Kanis JA, 2005, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V16, P737, DOI 10.1007/s00198-004-1734-yKung AWC, 2005, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V16, P849, DOI 10.1007/s00198-004-1778-zVu TTH, 2005, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V161, P824, DOI 10.1093/aje/kwi105Shin C, 2004, J HUM HYPERTENS, V18, P717, DOI 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001732Wu XP, 2004, J BONE MINER METAB, V22, P382, DOI 10.1007/s00774-004-0499-xGjesdal CG, 2004, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V15, P525, DOI 10.1007/s00198-003-1573-2Yang TS, 2004, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V15, P345, DOI 10.1007/s00198-003-1509-xLeib ES, 2004, J CLIN DENSITOM, V7, P1Pedrazzoni M, 2003, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V14, P978, DOI 10.1007/s00198-003-1521-1Wu XP, 2003, CALCIFIED TISSUE INT, V73, P122, DOI 10.1007/s00223-002-1069-7Gur A, 2003, J BONE MINER METAB, V21, P234, DOI 10.1007/s00774-003-0415-9Kanis JA, 2002, LANCET, V359, P1929Lu Y, 2001, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V12, P438Iki M, 2001, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V12, P529Lunt M, 2001, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V12, P688, DOI 10.1007/s001980170069AHAMD OBP, 2001, AGE STANDARDIZATION*KOR NAT STAT OFF, 2001, STAT KORLofman O, 2000, J CLIN DENSITOM, V3, P177Tenenhouse A, 2000, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V11, P897Orwoll ES, 2000, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V11, P815Varenna M, 1999, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V9, P236Looker AC, 1997, J BONE MINER RES, V12, P1761Gullberg B, 1997, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V7, P407Marshall D, 1996, BRIT MED J, V312, P1254Orwoll ES, 1996, ANN INTERN MED, V124, P187LOOKER AC, 1995, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V5, P3891994, WHO TECH REP SER, V843, P1