Conditional inactivation of presenilin 1 prevents amyloid accumulation and temporarily rescues contextual and spatial working memory impairments in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice.

Accumulation of -amyloid (A ) peptides in the cerebral cortex is considered a key event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (AD). Presenilin 1 (PS1) plays an essential role in the -secretase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the generation of A peptides. Reduction of A generation via the inhibition of -secretase activity, therefore, has been proposed as a therapeutic approach for AD. In this study, we examined whether genetic inactivation of PS1 in postnatal forebrain-restricted conditional knock-out (PS1 cKO) mice can prevent the accumulation ofA peptides and ameliorate cognitive deficits exhibited by an amyloid mouse model that overexpresses human mutant APP. We found that conditional inactivation of PS1 in APP transgenic mice (PS1 cKO;APP Tg) effectively prevented the accumulation of A peptides and formation of amyloid plaques and inflammatory responses, although it also caused an age-related accumulation of C-terminal fragments of APP. Short-term PS1 inactivation in young PS1 cKO;APP Tg mice rescued deficits in contextual fear conditioning and serial spatial reversal learning in a water maze, which were associated with APP Tg mice. Longer-term PS1 inactivation in older PS1 cKO;APP Tg mice, however, failed to rescue the contextual memory and hippocampal synaptic deficits and had a decreasing ameliorative effect on the spatial memory impairment. These results reveal that in vivo reduction of A via the inactivation of PS1 effectively prevents amyloid-associated neuropathological changes and can, but only temporarily, improve cognitive impairments in APP transgenic mice.This work was supported by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Grant R01NS041783 (J.S.), the Alzheimers Association (C.A.S., J.S.), the Medical Research Council, and the Alzheimers Research Trust (R.G.M.M). We thank L. Mucke for the APP transgenic mice, D. Selkoe for the C7 and A antibodies, M. Shoji for the Saeko antiserum, and W. Xia and J. Zheng for ELISA. We are grateful to V. Beglopoulos, W. Cheng, M. Goldberg, and C. Lemere for assistance