Human-carnivore relations: conflicts, tolerance and coexistence in the American West

Carnivore and humans live in proximity due to carnivore recovery efforts and ongoing human encroachment into carnivore habitats globally. The American West is a region that uniquely exemplifies these human-carnivore dynamics, however, it is unclear how the research community here integrates social and ecological factors to examine human-carnivore relations. Therefore, strategies promoting human-carnivore coexistence are urgently needed.Weconducted a systematic review on human-carnivore relations in the American West covering studies between 2000 and 2018. Wefirst characterized human-carnivore relations across states of the American West. Second, we analyzed similarities and dissimilarities across states in terms of coexistence, tolerance, number of ecosystem services and conflicts mentioned in literature. Third, we used Bayesian modeling to quantify the effect of social and ecological factors influencing the scientific interest on coexistence, tolerance, ecosystem services and conflicts. Results revealed some underlying biases in humancarnivore relations research. Colorado and Montana were the states where the highest proportion of studies were conducted with bears and wolves the most studied species. Non-lethal management was the most common strategy to mitigate conflicts. Overall, conflicts with carnivores were much more frequently mentioned than benefits.Wefound similarities among Arizona, California, Utah, and New Mexico according to how coexistence, tolerance, services and conflicts are addressed in literature.MEG was supported by a research contract from Sistema Nacional de Garantía Juvenil co-funded by the Social European Fund and the Junta de Andalucía, Spain (PID_UAL_2018/001). AJC, NHC, and JMRM were funded by the NSF Idaho EPSCoR Program under award number IIA-1301792 and OIA‐1757324. MM and AFM were supported by Ramón y Cajal research contracts from the MINECO (RYC-2015- 19231 and RYC-2016-21114, respectively), ZMR by a postdoctoral contract from the Generalitat Valenciana (APOSTD/2019/016) and ACA by a postdoctoral contract of Programa Viçent Mut of Govern Balear, Spain (PD/039/2017)