Parents' and adolescents' perception of traffic- and crime-related safety as correlates of independent mobility among Belgian adolescents

The independent mobility (IM), defined as the freedom of young people to travel without adult supervision, has been related to the physical activity time, the acquisition of personal autonomy, to less intense fear of crime, and to a stronger feeling of being part of their community and other health and social benefits. The aims of this study were to compare parents' and adolescents' traffic- and crime-related safety perceptions of their neighborhood and to analyze the associations of these perceptions with adolescents' IM. A total of 291 adolescents and their parents completed the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) questionnaire. Multilevel (two-level models: individual levelÐneighborhood level) regression analyses were conducted to examine whether the environmental perceptions differed between parents and adolescents and the association between the parental and adolescents' perception to the IM and the active independent mobility (AIM). Parents reported a more negative perception of traffic (except for amount and speed) and crime-related safety. Adolescents' environmental perceptions were not associated with their IM but parental perceptions of traffic- and crime-related safety were associated with IM and with active IM, although not all associations were in the expected direction. Future urban policy efforts should address environments where parents perceive sufficient levels of safety to increase the levels of IM in adolescents.This study was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport [CAST17/00072] and by a grant from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) [FWO12/ PDO/158]. Additional support was obtained from the University of Granada, Plan Propio de InvestigacioÂn 2016, Excellence actions: Excellence Units, Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health (UCEES)