The content and mobility of heavy metals and organic compounds in the ecosystem of the Tisza river

Doktorska disertacija je obuhvata ispitivanje metala i organskih jedinjenja u ekosistemu reke Tise. Istraţivanja su obavljena od septembra do novembra 2010. godine. Doktorska disertacija je omogućila definisanje: intenziteta antropogenog uticaja na savremene sedimente reke Tise kroz povišen sadrţaj teških metala; sastava organske supstance sedimenata reke Tise; razlika između organa riba u prosečnoj vrednosti koncentracije metala; razlika između ekosistemski različitih vrsta riba u prosečnoj vrednosti koncentracije metala; razlika između organa trske u prosečnoj vrednosti koncentracije metala. Na osnovu postavljenih zadataka i cilja istraţivanja došlo se do sledećih rezultata. Rezultati granulometrijskih ispitivanja pokazali su da uzorci iz pritoka i donjeg toka reke pripadaju peskovito-glinovitim alevritima, uzorci iz srednjeg toka – glinovito-peskovitim alevritima, a iz gornjeg toka nalaze se na prelazu između peskovitih i glinovitih alevrita. Prema trokomponentnom dijagramu halkofilni – litofilni – lantanoidi jasno je uočljivo pomeranje ispitivanih uzoraka ka roglju halkofilnih elemenata, čime se naglašava i ističe povišenje sadrţaja ovih mikroelemenata u odnosu na referentne uzorke iz bušotina za koje se sa sigurnošću zna da su bez ikakvih antropogenih uticaja. Sadrţaj ukupne i rastvorne organske materije je uniforman u svim uzorcima. Svi uzorci imaju skoro identičnu raspodelu n-alkana, sterana, tricikličnih i pentacikličnih terpana, što ukazuje na isto poreklo organske materije. Maksimum n-alkana na n-C27 ili na n-C29 sa dominacijom neparnih članova u opsegu n-C23 – n-C35 ukazuje na prisustvo nezrele nativne organske materije terestrijalnog porekla. Na osnovu prisustva terpana i sterana u alkanskim frakcijama sedimenata sa raspodelama biolipidnih i geolipidniih stabilnijih izomera kakve se mogu naći u nafti, moţe se zaključiti da je u ispitivanim uzorcima prisutna i organska supstanca naftnog tipa. Koncentracije metala u različitim organima ribe iz reke Tise različite su, jetra i škrge predstavljaju organe u kojima je prosečna vrednost koncentracije metala najviša. Koncentracije metala u ekosistemski različitim vrstama riba iz reke Tise su različite, prosečna koncentracija metala je statistički značajno viša u šaranu u odnosu na deveriku, kečigu i štuku. Sprovedenom analizom varijanse potvrđena je statistički značajna razlika između različitih organa trske u prosečnoj vrednosti koncentracije metala...This PhD dissertation presents the analysis of the metals and organic compounds in the ecosystem of the Tisza River. The researches were conducted in the period from September to November 2010. The PhD dissertation provides defining of: anthropogenic impact on contemporary sediments through increased level of heavy metals concentration; the composition of the organic substance of the sediments of the Tisza River; the difference in the organs of fish with regard to bioaccumulation of metals; the difference in the fish species with regard to bioaccumulation of metals; the difference in the organs of a common reed with regard to bioaccumulation of metals. On the basis of the set aims and objectives of the research, the following results are obtained. The results of granulometric analyses show that the samples taken from the tributaries and the lower sections of the river belong to sandy-clay silt; the samples from the middle section of the river belong to clay-sandy silt, while those taken from the upper section of the river are on the classification borderline being between sandy and clay silt. According to the ternary diagram for chalcophile-lithophile-lanthanides, it is apparent that there is a shift of the analyzed samples towards the apex of the chalcophile elements. Defining the composition of the organic substance of sediments of the Tisza River and its origin both in terms of source and its autochthonous or allochthonous features, the presence of immature native organic matter of terrestrial origin is determined, as well as the presence of organic substances of petroleum type. Metals bioaccumulated in various organs of fish in different concentrations. A liver and gills are the most affected organs in terms of bioaccumulation. Also, metals bioaccumulate in different concentrations in different fish species. The analyzed elements have statistically significant higher bioaccumulation in carp than in bream, sterlet and pike. The accumulated metals in a common reed are not distributed evenly. The subterranean organ (rhizome) has a greater capacity for accumulating compared to the organs above the ground (stem and leaves). Comparing the obtained results with the official Decree on limit values of pollutants in ground and subterranean waters and in sediment, and deadlines for reaching these values, it is perceived that there is an increase in Ni compared to its maximum allowed concentration level, except for the samples originating from the lower section of the river, whose concentration is below the maximum allowed levels..