The p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) has a crucial role in cells’ stress adaptation and survival. It also plays a role in physiological processes such as differentiation of skeletal muscle or in pathologies such as cancer. In response to environmental stresses, a delay in cell cycle progression is required for cell adaptation. In the present study, we demonstrate that p38 MAPK maximizes cell survival upon stress by downregulating the E2F transcriptional program through the direct targeting of Retinoblastoma (RB) protein, a key regulator of the G1/S transition. p38 phosphorylation of RB at specific sites in the N terminus increases its affinity towards E2F, represses E2F-driven gene expression, and delays cell-cycle progression...