A review on application of biomarkers in heart failure

303-313Heart failure (HF) remains the leading cause of death in the elderly population. Since last decade there is an advance in the field of biomarkers in managing these patients. Hence identifying novel and potential biomarkers that help in accessing the risk, predicting the disease and monitoring the prognosis is very crucial in reducing the overall morbidity and mortality. These biomarkers are elevated mainly in response to myocardial stress, dynamic changes in extracellular matrix, myocyte necrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The biomarker that has good clinical correlations may be useful in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management of HF. Understanding the role of each biomarker and their clinical implication is very crucial. In this review, we summarize the attainments and challenges of using different types of biomarkers in HF