Patterns of Lexical Bundles in the Theses Articles of the Undergdraduate Students of the English Department of Universitas Negeri Malang

Writing is the hardest way to communicate some information from the writers toward the readers since it needs to be error free yet it is the easiest way to be edited even modified than speaking. The writers need to be aware that their writing should be coherence in order to convey their messages toward their readers. One of the ways in obtaining writing coherence is by utilizing lexical bundles which is able to bridge the writers’ idea or information discussed in their writing. Previous studies investigated lexical bundles across disciplines in EAP and ESP classes. Some studies compared the lexical bundles used in L1 and L2 students and across discipline and proficiency. They used corpus based strategy in comparing the lexical bundles in their research. Their result show that lexical bundles occur dissimilarly across disciplines and proficiency. Actually, the lexical bundles study in Indonesia is still few.They also compared EAP and ESP classes and still used the corpus based strategy to compare the lexical bundles use in Indonesia studentswith the English-native speaker students. However, there was no study comparing lexical bundles used in English Department’s under graduate students yet, as well as qualitative study. Thus, a study investigating lexical bundles used in one discipline needs to be conducted to find out whether the lexical bundles still play similar with the previous studies. The current study is conducted in order to find out patterns of lexical bundles occurred in the thesis articles of the undergraduate students ofEnglish Department of Universitas Negeri Malang. This study usedqualitative and descriptive design with attempt to explain each finding found in the analysis as deep as possible. The data obtained was language data in the form of lexical bundles in thesis articles of the undergraduate students of the English Department whichwere divided into three groups: ELT, ELL-Linguistics, and ELL-Literature. The thesis articles were unpublished articles which are available in the English Department’s computerand saved in Ms. Word with year of submission from 2015 up to 2017. There were 54 thesis articles collected which consisted of 18 articles for each group. Thus, there were 6 thesis articles each year for each group. Furthermore, the lexical bundles were obtained by employing AntConc concordance software.Due to the limited number of total words, the minimum requirement of extended colloquial words to be considered as lexical bundles is used in this study; they are the frequency cut-off 10 times and ranged at least 5 texts in a group.Thus, the total 50 patterns of lexical bundles from the three groups were obtained regarding the frequency cut-off and range used.Out of the total patterns found, 41 patterns were found in ELT group, 6 patterns were found in ELL-Linguistics group and the last 3 patterns were found in ELL-Literature group. Lexical bundles patterns checklist and guideline adopted from Heng, et al’s (2014) study was utilized as the instrument to collect and analyze the lexical bundles obtainedfrom the three groups. The instrumentcategorized the patterns of lexical bundles based on their structure and their functionwhich consists of three sub-categories of patternsfor each. The sub-categories of the patterns based on structure are NP and PP fragments, VP fragments and dependent clause fragments while the sub-categories of patterns based on function are referential bundles, discourse organizers and stance bundles. The findings show thatthere was different distribution between structural and functional patterns of lexical bundles in the three groups. The structural patterns of lexical bundles found in this current study, such as the result of the and in the form of are the noun phrase and prepositional phrase fragments since their head was the noun and preposition respectively. The most frequently occurred structural patterns of lexical bundles was NP and PP fragments, then VP fragments and the last is dependent clause fragments. Besides, based on functional patterns category, the most frequently occurred patterns was referential bundles, then discourse organizers and the last is stance bundles.The referential bundles found in this study were functioned to identify some important information that needs to be point out. The discourse organizers were functioned to clarify the writers’ idea in their writing, like in the pattern on the other hand which clarify that there is contrast between the previous and the next information which is being discussed. The stance bundles relates with the writer’s intention in their writing. In conclusion, the most frequently occurred patterns in the articles was referential bundles which has 35 patterns or 70% out of the total 50 patterns found. It is also resulted that the structural patterns were produced similarly in the three groups yet the functional patterns were produceddissimilarly in the three groups. The only functional pattern found in the three groups was on the other hand. For further study, it is suggested to teachers to implement lexical bundles in their teaching since it has chance in teaching and learning process. In addition, the future researchers are suggested to compare the lexical bundles in Indonesia students toward the English-native-speakers’ corpus regarding their structure and function since this current study only compare the patterns of lexical bundles found in one discipline.ABSTRAK Writing is the hardest way to communicate some information from the writers toward the readers since it needs to be error free yet it is the easiest way to be edited even modified than speaking. The writers need to be aware that their writing should be coherence in order to convey their messages toward their readers. One of the ways in obtaining writing coherence is by utilizing lexical bundles which is able to bridge the writers’ idea or information discussed in their writing. Previous studies investigated lexical bundles across disciplines in EAP and ESP classes. Some studies compared the lexical bundles used in L1 and L2 students and across discipline and proficiency. They used corpus based strategy in comparing the lexical bundles in their research. Their result show that lexical bundles occur dissimilarly across disciplines and proficiency. Actually, the lexical bundles study in Indonesia is still few.They also compared EAP and ESP classes and still used the corpus based strategy to compare the lexical bundles use in Indonesia studentswith the English-native speaker students. However, there was no study comparing lexical bundles used in English Department’s under graduate students yet, as well as qualitative study. Thus, a study investigating lexical bundles used in one discipline needs to be conducted to find out whether the lexical bundles still play similar with the previous studies. The current study is conducted in order to find out patterns of lexical bundles occurred in the thesis articles of the undergraduate students ofEnglish Department of Universitas Negeri Malang. This study usedqualitative and descriptive design with attempt to explain each finding found in the analysis as deep as possible. The data obtained was language data in the form of lexical bundles in thesis articles of the undergraduate students of the English Department whichwere divided into three groups: ELT, ELL-Linguistics, and ELL-Literature. The thesis articles were unpublished articles which are available in the English Department’s computerand saved in Ms. Word with year of submission from 2015 up to 2017. There were 54 thesis articles collected which consisted of 18 articles for each group. Thus, there were 6 thesis articles each year for each group. Furthermore, the lexical bundles were obtained by employing AntConc concordance software.Due to the limited number of total words, the minimum requirement of extended colloquial words to be considered as lexical bundles is used in this study; they are the frequency cut-off 10 times and ranged at least 5 texts in a group.Thus, the total 50 patterns of lexical bundles from the three groups were obtained regarding the frequency cut-off and range used.Out of the total patterns found, 41 patterns were found in ELT group, 6 patterns were found in ELL-Linguistics group and the last 3 patterns were found in ELL-Literature group. Lexical bundles patterns checklist and guideline adopted from Heng, et al’s (2014) study was utilized as the instrument to collect and analyze the lexical bundles obtainedfrom the three groups. The instrumentcategorized the patterns of lexical bundles based on their structure and their functionwhich consists of three sub-categories of patternsfor each. The sub-categories of the patterns based on structure are NP and PP fragments, VP fragments and dependent clause fragments while the sub-categories of patterns based on function are referential bundles, discourse organizers and stance bundles. The findings show thatthere was different distribution between structural and functional patterns of lexical bundles in the three groups. The structural patterns of lexical bundles found in this current study, such as the result of the and in the form of are the noun phrase and prepositional phrase fragments since their head was the noun and preposition respectively. The most frequently occurred structural patterns of lexical bundles was NP and PP fragments, then VP fragments and the last is dependent clause fragments. Besides, based on functional patterns category, the most frequently occurred patterns was referential bundles, then discourse organizers and the last is stance bundles.The referential bundles found in this study were functioned to identify some important information that needs to be point out. The discourse organizers were functioned to clarify the writers’ idea in their writing, like in the pattern on the other hand which clarify that there is contrast between the previous and the next information which is being discussed. The stance bundles relates with the writer’s intention in their writing. In conclusion, the most frequently occurred patterns in the articles was referential bundles which has 35 patterns or 70% out of the total 50 patterns found. It is also resulted that the structural patterns were produced similarly in the three groups yet the functional patterns were produceddissimilarly in the three groups. The only functional pattern found in the three groups was on the other hand. For further study, it is suggested to teachers to implement lexical bundles in their teaching since it has chance in teaching and learning process. In addition, the future researchers are suggested to compare the lexical bundles in Indonesia students toward the English-native-speakers’ corpus regarding their structure and function since this current study only compare the patterns of lexical bundles found in one discipline