Rehabilitation through parole system in malaysia: the role of optimism as mediating variable in the relationship between self-efficacy and resilience

Identifying the personal characteristics of parolees that can reduce the likelihood of committing crimes is a great challenge to prison officers in order to ensure that rehabilitation process is handled successfully. The changes recommended to prisoners under parole are to increase their self-efficacy, developing optimism and maintaining a high level of resilience. This study employs a cross-sectional survey research design. A total of 280 prisoners undergoing parole monitoring were recruited as respondents. A set of questionnaire was used consisting of the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Positive Thinking Rating Scale and a self-developed resilience scale. Results showed that there were significant correlations between self-efficacy, optimism and resilience. Further, findings indicated that optimism partially mediated the relationship between self-efficacy and resilience. Implications are discussed in the context of preventing recidivism among parolees and strategies to increase effectiveness of rehabilitation in the parole system