Characterization of diverse ploidy in the arctic-alpine Arenaria ciliata species complex (Caryophyllaceae) using shoot meristem staining and flow cytometry analysis of archived frozen tissue

Ploidy levels were analyzed in 21 European populations of the Arenaria ciliata complex using baseline chromosome counts derived from Feulgen staining of HCl-treated shoot meristems and calibrated flow-cytometry analysis of fresh and archival frozen tissue. Calibration with two to three control samples of different ploidy facilitated rapid identification of ploidy states in unknown samples. Observed ploidy levels varied from 2N = 40–200, with the majority of populations showing 2N = 40–80. High-altitude populations collectively showed the full range of ploidy states, but at low elevations only lower ploidy levels were observed. Populations with the highest observed ploidy contained the greatest observed phylogenetic diversity in the western and eastern Alps. Multiple polyploidization events are inferred in the continental European metapopulation, with lower, more stable ploidy characteristic of the west and north. The method deployed provides an effective approach to ploidy analysis for archival desiccated/frozen tissue samples from biogeographic collections