X-ray emission from the stellar population in M 32

Using Chandra observations, we study the X-ray emission of the stellar population in the compact dwarf elliptical galaxy M 32. The proximity of M 32 allows one to resolve all bright point sources with luminosities higher than $8\times10^{33}~{\rm erg~s^{-1}}$ in the 0.5–7 keV band. The remaining (unresolved) emission closely follows the galaxy's optical light and is characterized by an emissivity per unit stellar mass of ~$4.3\times10^{27}~{\rm erg~s^{-1}}~M_\odot^{-1}$ in the 2–10 keV energy band. The spectrum of the unresolved emission above a few keV smoothly joins the X-ray spectrum of the Milky Way's ridge measured with RXTE and INTEGRAL. These results strongly suggest that weak discrete X-ray sources (accreting white dwarfs and active binary stars) provide the bulk of the “diffuse” emission of this gas-poor galaxy. Within the uncertainties, the average X-ray properties of the M 32 stars are consistent with those of the old stellar population in the Milky Way. The inferred cumulative soft X-ray (0.5–2 keV) emissivity is however smaller than is measured in the immediate Solar vicinity in our Galaxy. This difference is probably linked to the contribution of young (age $\ll 1$ Gyr) stars, which are abundant in the Solar neighborhood but practically absent in M 32. Combining Chandra, RXTE and INTEGRAL data, we obtain a broad-band (0.5–60 keV) X-ray spectrum of the old stellar population in galaxies