Emotional Alterations And Training Loads In High Performance Swimmers [alteraciones Emocionales Y La Relación Con Las Cargas De Entrenamiento En Nadadores De Alto Rendimiento]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between training load and athletes mood states during a macrocycle. Twenty sprinters swimmers of high performance, of both sexes, were evaluated through the Rating of Perceived Exertion (PSE) and the Brums Profile (BR). The training load was determined multiplying the weekly kilometers swam (volume) by the score of the PSE. The Pearson correlation was used to verify the relationship between the training loads and the emotional states. Results showed a positive correlation with fatigue and negative correlation with vigor (p < 0.01). Thus, it was concluded that the training load determined by the relationship between volume and PSE is related to emotional states, vigor and fatigue. © 2015 Colégio Brasileiro de Ciências do Esporte. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.374376382Armstrong, L.E., Vanheest, J.L., The unknown mechanism of the overtraining syndrome (2002) Sports Med, 32 (3), pp. 185-209Borg, G., Perceived exertion: A note on "history" and methods (1973) Med Sci Sports, 5, pp. 90-93Borg, G., Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion (1982) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 14 (5), pp. 377-381Borin, J.P., Dias, R.G., Leite, G.S., Padovani, C.P.R., Padovani, C.R., Indicadores de desempenho e percepção subjetiva de esforço entre técnico e atletas de voleibol (2010) Braz J Biomotricity, 4 (2), pp. 123-130Borin, J.P., Gomes, A.C., Leite, G.S., Preparação desportiva: Aspectos do controle da carga de treinamento nos jogos coletivos (2007) Revista da Educação Física/UEM, 18 (1), pp. 97-105Boulay, M.R., Physiological monitoring of elite cyclists: Practical methods (1995) Sports Med, 20 (1), pp. 1-11Brandt, R., Viana, M.S., Segato, L., Andrade, A., Estados de humor de velejadores durante o pré-panamericano (2010) Motriz, 16, pp. 834-840Brisswalter, J., Collardeau, M., Arcelin, R., Effects of acute physical exercise characteristics on cognitive performance (2002) Sports Med, 32, pp. 555-566Calmeiro, L., Tenenbaum, G., Fluctuations of cognitive-emotional states during competition: An idiographic approach (2007) Revista de Psicología Del Deporte, 16 (1), pp. 85-100Cavasin, S.M., Matsudo, V.K.R., Desenvolvimento de uma escala brasileira de percepção subjetiva do esforço (1986) CELAFISCS - Dez Anos de Contribuição As Ciências Do Esporte, , Primeira edição, São Caetano do SulCaulfield, M.J., Karageorghis, C.I., Psychological effects of rapid weight loss and attitudes towards eating among professional jockeys (2008) Journal of Sports Sciences, 26 (9), pp. 877-883Chiodo, S., Stress-related hormonal and psychological changes to official youth Taekwondo competitions (2011) Scand J Med Sci Sports, 21, pp. 111-119Cockerill, I.M., Nevill, A.M., Byrne, N.C., Mood, mileage and the menstrual cycle (1992) Br J Sports Med, 26 (3), pp. 145-150Coutts, A.J., Reaburn, P.R.J., Murphy, A.J., Pine, M.J., Impellizzeri, F., Validity of the session-RPE method for determining training load in team sport athletes (2003) Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 6, p. 525Delattre, E., Garcin, M., Mille-Hamard, L., Billat, V., Objective and subjective analysis of the training content in young cyclists (2006) Applied Physiology Nutrition Metabolism, 31, pp. 118-125De La Vega, M.R., Barquín, R.R., García-Mas, A., Balagué, G., Zafra, A.O., Díaz, D.S.V., Consistencia y fluctuación de los estados de ánimo en un equipo de fútbol profesional durante una competición de play off (2008) Revista de Psicología Del Deporte, 17 (2), pp. 241-251Faude, O., Meyer, T., Scharhag, J., Weins, F., Urhausen, A., Kindermann, W., Volume vs. Intensity in the training of competitive swimmers (2008) Int J Sports Med, 29 (11), pp. 906-912Foster, C., Daines, E., Hector, L., Snyder, A.C., Welsh, R., Athletic performance in relation to training load (1996) Wis Med J, 95, pp. 370-374Foster, C., Florhaug, J.A., Franklin, J., Gottschall, L., Hrovatin, L.A., Parker, S., A new approach to monitoring exercise training (2001) J Strength Cond Res, 15 (1), pp. 109-115Foster, C., Monitoring training in athletes with reference to overtraining syndrome (1998) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30 (7), pp. 1164-1168Fry, R.W., Morton, A.R., Keast, D., Periodisation of training stress: A review (1992) Can J Sport Sci, 17 (3), pp. 234-240Gabbett, T.J., Influence of training and match intensity on injuries in rugby league (2004) Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, pp. 409-417Hooper, S.R., Makinnon, L.T., Hanrahan, S., Mood states as an indication of staleness and recovery (1997) International Journal of Psychology, 28, pp. 1-12Leite, G.S., Prestes, J., Urtado, C.B., Marchetti, P.H., Padovani, C.R., Padovani, C.R.P., Objective and subjective variables for monitoring different season cycles in basketball players (2012) Rev Bras Med Esporte, 18, pp. 229-233Maglischo, E.W., (2010) Nadando O Mais Rápido Possível, , Editora Manole São PauloMcClung, J.P., Karl, J.P., Cable, S.J., Williams, K.W., Nindl, B.C., Young, A.J., Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of iron supplementation in female soldiers during military training: Effects on iron status, physical performance, and mood (2009) Am J Clin Nutr, 90, pp. 124-131Morgan, W.P., Brown, D.R., Raglin, J.S., O'Connor, P.J., Ellickson, K.A., Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness (1987) Br J Sports Med, 25, pp. 107-114Morgan, W.P., Costill, D.L., Flynn, M.G., Raglin, J.S., O'Connor, P.J., Mood disturbance following increased training in swimmers (1988) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 20, pp. 408-414O'Connor, P.J., Morgan, W.P., Raglin, J.S., Psychobiologic effects of 3 days of increased training in female and female swimmers (1991) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 23 (9), pp. 1055-1061Pérez-Recio, G., Solanas, A., Ferrer, M., Monitorització continua de l'estat d'ánim en els neadadors (1993) Apunts: Medicina de l'Esport, 30 (116), pp. 87-96Pierce, E.F., Jr., Relationship between training volume and mood states in competitive swimmers during a 24-week season (2002) Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, pp. 1009-1012Raglin, J.S., Morgan, W.P., O'Connor, P.J., Changes in mood states during training in college swimmers (1991) Int J Sports Med, 12 (6), pp. 585-589Rietjens, G.J., Kuipers, H., Adam, J.J., Saris, W.H.M., Van Breda, E., Van Hamont, D., Physiological, biochemical and psychological markers of strenuous training-induced to fatigue (2005) Int J Sports Med, 26, pp. 16-26Rohlfs, I.C., Carvalho, T., Rotta, T.M., Krebs, R.J., Aplicação de instrumentos de avaliação de estados de humor na detecção da síndrome do excesso de treinamento (2004) Rev Bras Med Esporte, 10 (2), pp. 111-116Rohlfs, I.C., Validação do teste Brums para avaliação de humor em atletas e não atletas Brasileiros (2006) Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Do Movimento Humano)-Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, , 110 f. Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2006Seiler, K.S., Kjerland, G.O., Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: Is there evidence for an "optimal" distribution? (2006) Scand J Med Sci Sports, 16 (1), pp. 49-56Smith, D.J., Norris, S.R., Hogg, J.M., Performance evaluation of swimmers (2002) Sports Med, 32 (9), pp. 539-554Suaay, F., Ricarte, J., Salvador, A., Indicadores psicológicos de sobretreinamento e agotamiento (1998) Revista de Psicología Del Deporte, 7 (2), pp. 7-28Suzuki, S., Sato, T., Maeda, A., Takahashi, Y., Program design based on a mathematical model using rating of perceived exertion for an elite Japanese sprinter: A case study (2006) J Strength Cond Res, 20 (1), pp. 36-42Terry, P.C., Lane, A.M., Forgaty, G.J., Construct validity of the POMS - A for use with adults (2003) Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4 (2), pp. 125-139Vieira, L., Oliveira, J.S., Gaion, P.A., Oliveira, H.G., Rocha, P.G.M., Vieira, J.L.L., Estado de humor e periodização de treinamento: Um estudo com atletas fundistas de alto rendimento (2010) Revista da Educação Física/UEM, 21 (4), pp. 585-591Wallace, L.K., Coutts, A., Bell, J., Simpson, N., Slattery, K., Using session-RPE to monitor training loads in swimmers (2008) J Strength Cond Res, 30 (6), pp. 72-76Wallace, L.K., Slattery, K.M., Coutts, A.J., The ecological validity and application of the session-RPE method for quantifying training loads in swimming (2009) J Strength Cond Res, 23 (1), pp. 33-3