Molecular Characterization Of Euptychiina (lepidoptera: Satyrinae) From The Northern Central Cordillera Of The Andes [caracterización Molecular De Euptychiina (lepidoptera: Satyrinae) Del Norte De La Cordillera Central De Los Andes]

Euptychiina is considered a taxonomically difficult group given a high diversity of species and morphological homogeneity among them, making their identification complex. In this sense, DNA sequences offer a useful tool for species differentiation, providing valuable and complementary information to traditional morphological characters. The molecular characterization of thirteen Euptychiina species common to the northern Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes was carried out using mitochondrial DNA sequences of the 3' Cyt b gene, the tRNASer and the terminal portion of 3' ND1. Sequences of the DNA fragments exhibited a degree of variation adequate for differentiating all species. Nucleotide variation was less than 2% at the intraspecific level and greater than 4% at the interspecific level. Additionally, an intergenic spacer was found in the Cyt b and the tRNASer that has not previously been reported for the Nymphalidae. Nucleotide variation in the spacer at the interspecific level was similar and complementary to that found in the coding region. The sequenced fragment is presented as a new tool to improve and complement taxonomic studies in groups like this, which include morphologically similar species. The proposed region combines various genes with different degrees of nucleotide variation, providing useful information for species identification.352235244Albre, J., Gers, C., Legal, L., Molecular phytogeny of the Erebia tyndarus (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) species group combining CoxII and ND5 mitochondrial genes: A case study of a recent radiation (2008) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 47, pp. 196-210Álvarez, C.F., (2005) Elementos de Estructura Genética de Poblactones y de Paisaje: Una Aproximactón a la Conservatión y Manejo del área de Porce, p. 106. , Tesis M. Sc. Universidad National de Colombia. MedellínBeard, C.B., Hamm, D.M., Collins, F.H., The mitochondrial genome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae: DNA sequence, genome organization and comparisons with mitochondrial sequences of other insects (1993) Insect Molecular Biology, 2, pp. 103-124Brandt, U., Kerscher, S., Drose, S., Zwicker, K., Zickermann, V., Proton pumping by NADH: Ubiquinone oxidoreductase. A redox driven conformational change mechanism? (2003) FEBS Letters, 545, pp. 9-17Bremer, K., The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction (1988) Evolution, 42, pp. 795-803Bremer, K., Branch support and tree stability (1994) Cladistics, 10, pp. 295-304Cameron, S.L., Whiting, M.F., The complete mitochondrial genome of the tobacco hornworn, Manduca sexta, (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), and an examination of mitochondrial gene variability with butterflies and moths (2008) Gene, 408, pp. 112-123Day, J.C., Goodall, T.I., Post, R.J., Confirmation of the species status of the blackfly Simulium galeratum in Britain using molecular taxonomy (2008) Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 22, pp. 55-61Dupuis, A., Prieur, I., Lunardi, J., Toward a characterization of the connecting module of complex I (2001) Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, 33 (3), pp. 159-168Felsenstein, J., Confidence limits on phytogenies: An approach using the bootstrap (1985) Evolution, 39, pp. 783-791Forster, W., Beitrage zur kenntnis der insektenfauna Boliviens XIX Lepidoptera III. Satyridae (1964) Veröffentlichungen Der Staatssammlung Manchen, 8, pp. 51-188. , pls 27-35Freitas, A.V.L., Pena, C., Description of genus Guaianaza for "Euptychia" pronophila (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with a description of the immature stages (2006) Zootaxa, 1163, pp. 49-59Goloboff, P., Farris, J., Nlxon, K., T. N. T.: Tree analysis using new technology (2003) Program and Documentation, , www.zmuc.dk/public/phylogenyGrady, P.O., Desalle, R., Out of Hawaii: The origin and biogeography of the genus Scaptomyza (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (2008) Biology Letters, 4, pp. 195-199Guindon, S., Gascuel, O., A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood (2003) Systematic Biology, 52, pp. 696-704Hebert, P.D.N., Penton, E.H., Burns, J.M., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W., Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator (2004) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101 (41), pp. 14812-14817Jermiin, L.S., Graur, D., Lowe, R.M., Crozier, R.H., Analysis of directional mutation pressure and nucleotide content in mitochondrial cytochrome b genes (1994) Journal of Molecular Evolution, 39, pp. 160-173Kastanis, P., Eliopoulus, E., Goulielmos, G.N., Tsakas, S., Loukas, M., Macroevolutionary relationships of species of Drosophila melanogaster group based on mtDNA sequences (2003) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28, pp. 518-528Kim, I., Lee, E.M., Seol, K.Y., Yun, E.Y., Lee, Y.B., Hwang, J.S., Jin, B.R., The mitochondrial genome of the Koreana hairstreak, Coreana raphaelis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) (2006) Insect Molecular Biology, 15 (2), pp. 217-225Krajewski, C., King, D.G., Molecular Divergence and phylogeny: Rates and patterns of cytochrome b evolution in cranes (1996) Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13 (1), pp. 21-30Kumar, S., Tamura, K., Nei, M., MEGA 4.0: Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment (2008) Briefings in Bioinformatics, 5, pp. 150-163Lamas, G., Nymphalidae. Satyrinae (2004) Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina, pp. 217-223. , En: Lamas, G. Ed. Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. En: Heppner, J. B. Ed. Atlas of the Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera/Scientific Publishers. Gainesville. United States of America. 439Loxdale, H.D., Lushai, G., Molecular markers in entomology (1998) Bulletin of Entomological Research, 88, pp. 577-600Martin, J.E., Gilles, A., Descimon, H., Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary patterns of the European satyrids (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) as revealed by mitochondrial gene sequence (2000) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 15 (1), pp. 70-82Miller, L.D., The higher classification, phylogeny and zoogeography of the Satyridae (Lepidoptera) (1968) Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 24, pp. 1-173Moin-Vaziri, V., Depaquit, J., Yaghoobi-Ershadi, M., Oshaghi, M., Derakhshandeh-Peykar, P., Fert, H., Kaltenbach, M., Nadim, A., Intraspecific variation within Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot (1917) (Diptera: Psychodidae) based on mtDNA sequences in Islamic Republic of Iran (2007) Acta Tropica, 102, pp. 29-37Monte-Alegre, A., Rakotomalala, Z., Leveugle, M., Coulier, E., Faure, E., Ecological, vertical and elevational distributions of Heteropsis (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae) in the rainforest of Masoala (NE Madagascar) (2005) Journal of Zoological Systematics & Evolutionary Research, 43 (3), pp. 214-222Murray, D.L., (2001) Systematics of Neotropical Satyrinae Butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina) Based on Larval Morphology and DNA Sequence Data and the Evolution of Life History Traits, p. 380. , Doctor philosophy thesis. Louisiana State University. United States of AmericaMurray, D., Pashley, D.P., Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary history of the neotropical Satyrine Subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) (2005) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34, pp. 67-80Nei, M., Kumar, S., (2000) Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics, p. 333. , Oxford University Press. New YorkNylin, S., Nyblom, K., Ronquist, E., Janz, N., Belicek, J., Llersjö, M., Phylogeny of Polygonia, Nymphalis and related butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): A total evidence analysis (2001) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 132, pp. 441-468Pashley, D.P., Ke, L.D., Sequence Evolution in Mitochondrial Ribosomal and ND-1 Genes in Lepidoptera: Implications for Phylogenetic Analyses (1992) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 9 (6), pp. 1061-1075Peña, C., Lamas, G., Revision of the butterfly genus Forsterinaria Gray, 1973 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) (2005) Revista Peruana de Biologia, 12 (1), pp. 5-48Peña, C., Wahlberg, N., Weingartner, E., Kodanda-Ramaiah, U., Nylin, S., Freitas, A.V.L., Brower, A.V.Z., Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data (2006) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, pp. 29-49Pesole, G., Gissi, C., Chirico, A., Saccone, C., Nucleotide substitution rate of mammalian mitochondrial genomes (1999) Journal of Molecular Evolution, 48, pp. 427-434Pfenninger, M., Nowak, C., Kley, C., Steinke, D., Streit, B., Utility of DNA taxonomy and barcoding for the inference of larval community structure in morphologically cryptic Chironomus (Diptera) species (2007) Molecular Ecology, 16, pp. 1957-1968Posada, D., ModelTest: Phylogenetic Model Averaging (2008) Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25, pp. 1253-1256Rand, D.M., The units of selection on mitochondrial DNA (2001) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 32, pp. 415-448Rodríguez, F.J., Marín, O.A., Medina, J.R., The general stochastic model of nucleotide substitution (1990) Journal of Theoretical Biology, 142, pp. 485-501Roe, A., Sperling, F.H., Population structure and species boundary delimitation of cryptic Dioryctria moths: An integrative approach (2007) Molecular Ecology, 16, pp. 3617-3633Ronquist, E., Huelsenbeck, J.P., MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models (2003) Bioinformatics, 19, pp. 1572-1574Saitou, N., Nei, M., The Neighbor-joining Method: Anew method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees (1987) Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4 (4), pp. 406-425Stahls, G., Savolainen, E., MtDNA COI barcodes reveal cryptic diversity in the Baetis vernus group (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) (2008) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46, pp. 82-87Scheffler, I.E., (2008) Mitochondria, p. 462. , 2ed. John Wiley & Sons. Hoboken. New Jersey. United States of AmericaSilva-Brandão, K.L., Azeredo, A.M.L., Freitas, A.V.L., New evidence on the systematic and phylogenetic position of Parides burchellanus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) (2008) Molecular Ecology Resources, 8, pp. 502-511Simon, C., Frati, E., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H., Flook, P., Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers (1994) Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87 (6), pp. 651-701Simmons, R.B., Weller, S.J., Utility and evolution of cytochrome b in insects (2001) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 20 (2), pp. 196-210Sperling, F., (2003) Butterfly Molecular Systematics: From Species Definitions to Higher-Level Phytogenies, pp. 431-458. , En: Boogs, C. L.Watt, W. B.Ehrlich, P. R. Eds. Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight. University of Chicago Press. London. 692Swofford, D.L., (2003) PAUP *. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony ( *and Other Methods), , Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MassachusettsTaanman, J., The mitochondrial genome: Structure, transcription, translation and replication (1999) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1410, pp. 103-123Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G., Gibson, T.J., CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice (1994) Nucleic Acid Research, 22, pp. 4673-4680Torres, E., Lees, C.D., Vane-Wright, R.I., Kremen, C., Leonard, J.A., Wayne, R.K., Examining monophyly in a large radiation of Madagascan butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Mycalesina) based on mitochondrial DNA data (2001) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 20 (3), pp. 460-473Uribe, S.I., (1999) Population Structure and Speciation in the Morphospecies Lutzomyia Longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) as Derived From Mitochondrial ND4 Gene, p. 73. , Tesis Ph. D. Biología molecular. Universidad de Antioquia-Center for Diseases Control. Medellín. ColombiaVideira, A., Duarte, M., On complex I and other NADH: Ubiquinone reductases of Neurospora crassa mitochondria (2001) Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, 33 (3), pp. 197-203Vila, M., Björklund, M., Testing biennialism in the butterfly Erebia palarica (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) by mtDNA sequencing (2004) Insect Molecular Biology, 13 (2), pp. 213-217Vivero, R.J., Contreras-Gutierrez, M.A., Bejarano, E.E., Análisis de la estructura primaria y secundaria del ARN de transferencia mitocondrial para serina en siete especies de Lutzomyia (2007) Biomédica, 27, pp. 429-438Weingartner, E., Wahlberg, N., Nylin, S., Speciation in Pararge (Satyrinae: Nymphalidae) butterflies - North Africa is the source of ancestral populations of all Pararge species (2006) Systematic Entomology, 31, pp. 621-632Weiss, H., Friedrich, T., Hofhaus, G., Preis, D., The respiratory-chain NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) of mitochondria (1991) European Journal of Biochemistry, 197, pp. 563-576Xia, X., Xie, Z., DAMBE: Software Package for Data Analysis in Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001) The Journal of Heredity, 92 (4), pp. 371-373Yin, X., Hao, J., Xu, L., Zhu, G., Huang, D., Pan, H., Zhang, X., Phytogeny of butterflies of the subfamily Elymninae and Satyrinae (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) based on mitochondrial COI and Cyt b gene sequences (2007) Acta Entomologica Sinica, 50 (12), pp. 1263-1271Yin, X., Hao, J., Xu, L., Zhu, G., Huang, D., Pan, H., Phylogenetic relationships of butterflies in the subfamily Elymninae (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) based on mitochondrial ND1 and COI gene sequences (2007) Zoological Research, 28 (5), pp. 477-484Yukuhiro, K., Sezutsu, H., Masanobu, I., Shimizu, K., Banno, Y., Significant levels of sequence divergence and gene rearrangements have occurred between the mitochondrial genomes of the wild mulberry silkmoth, Bombyx mandarina, and its close relative, the domesticated silkmoth, Bombyx mori (2002) Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19 (8), pp. 1385-1389Zimmermann, M., Wahlberg, N., Descimon, H., Phytogeny of Euphydryas checkerspot butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data (2000) Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 93 (3), pp. 347-35