Potentiometric Transducers Based In Conducting Polymers: Analytical Applications [transdutores Potenciométricos A Base De Polímeros Condutores: Aplicações Analíticas]

A review is given about the most relevant advances on the analytical applications of conducting polymers in potentiometric sensors. These organic polymers represent a new class of materials with conducting properties due to its doping by ions. Several polymers already were synthesized such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, among others. Particular attention is devoted to the main advantages supplied by ion selective electrodes and gas sensors using conducting polymers, as well as the incorporation of bioactive elements in these polymers for the construction of biosensors. The correlation between structure, stability and ability to ion exchange of some conducting polymers applied as potentiometric transducers, is discussed.205519527Melo, C.P., (1987) Ciência Hoje, 6, p. 41Murray, R.W., (1992) Techniques of Chemistry - Molecular Design of Electrodes Surfaces, 22. , J. Wiley & Sons Inc., N.York, cap. IXWang, J., (1994) Analytical Electrochemistry, , VCH Pub.Inc., N.York, cap. IV-VOkabayashi, K., Goto, F., Abe, K., Yoshida, T., (1987) Synth. Met., 18, p. 365Genies, E.M., Lapkowski, M., Santier, C., Vieil, E., (1987) Synth. Met., 18, p. 631Watanabe, A., Mori, K., Ywasaki, Y., Nakamura, Y., Niizuma, S., (1987) Macromelecules, 20, p. 1793Macdiarmid, A.G., Yang, L.S., Huang, W.S., Humphrey, B.D., (1987) Synth. Met., 18, p. 393Roth, S., Graupner, W., (1993) Synth. Met., 55-57, p. 3623Gustafsson, G., Cao, Y., Treacy, G.M., Klavetter, F., Colaneri, M., Heeger, A.J., (1992) Nature, 357, p. 477Parker, I.D., (1994) J. Applied Physics, 75, p. 1656Deshpande, M.V., Malnerkar, D.P., (1993) Prog. Polym. Sci., 18, p. 623Zoppi, R.A., De Paoli, M.A., (1993) Quím. Nova, 16, p. 560Adams, P.N., Laughlin, P.J., Monkman, A.P., (1994) Solid State Comm., 91, p. 875Kaner, R.B., Macdiarmid, A.G., (1988) Scient. Am., 60. , FebMattoso, L.H.C., (1996) Quím. Nova, 19, p. 388Dong, S., Sun, Z., Lu, Z., (1988) Analyst, 113, p. 1525Lu, Z., Sun, Z., Dong, S., (1989) Electroanalysis, 1, p. 271Tanigushi, I., Fujiyasu, T., Tomimura, S., Egushi, H., Yasukoushi, K., Tsuji, I., Unoki, M., (1986) Anal. Sci., 2, p. 587Ivaska, A., (1991) Electroanalysis, 3, p. 247Adeloju, S.B., Wallace, G.G., (1996) Analyst, 121, p. 699Bartlett, P.N., (1991) Anal. Proc., 28, p. 373Janata, J., Langmaier, J., (1992) Anal. Chem., 64, p. 523Li, H.-S., Josowicz, M., Baer, D., Englehard, M., Janata, J., (1995) J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, p. 798Josowicz, M., (1995) Analyst, 120, p. 1019Fletcher, S., (1993) J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. II, 89, p. 311Oei, Q., Quian, R., (1992) Electrochim. Acta, 37, p. 1075Yamamura, M., Sato, K., Hagiwara, T., Iwata, K., (1992) Synth. Met., 48, p. 337Bobacka, J., Lewenstam, A., Ivaska, A., (1993) Talanta, 40, p. 1437Pei, Q., Qian, R., (1991) Synth. Met., 45, p. 35Hsu, D.-F., Gratzl, M., Riley, A.M., Janata, J., (1990) J. Phys. Chem., 94, p. 5982Toniolo, R., Comisso, N., Bontempelli, G., Schiavon, G., (1994) Talanta, 41, p. 473Wallace, G.G., Adeloju, S.B., Shaw, S.J., (1993) Anal. Chim. Ada, 281, p. 611Wallace, G.G., Adeloju, S.B., Shaw, S.J., (1993) Anal. Chim. Acta, 281, p. 621Hernández, E.C., Witkowski, A., Daunert, S., Bachas, L.G., (1995) Mikrochim. Acta, 121, p. 63Trojanowicz, M., Hitchman, M.L., (1996) Electroanalysis, 8, p. 263Bobacka, J., Gao, Z., Ivaska, A., Lewenstam, A., (1994) J. Electroanal. Chem., 368, p. 33Hulanicki, A., Michalska, A., Lewenstam, A., (1994) Talanta, 41, p. 323Karyakina, E.E., Neftyakova, L.V., Karyakin, A.A., (1994) Anal. Lett., 27, p. 2871Sukeerthi, S., Contractor, A.O., (1994) Indian J. Chem., 33, p. 565De Oliveira Neto, G., Pereira, R.C., De Paoli, M.A., Peres, R.C.D., (1988) Anais do VI Simpósio Brasileiro de Eletroquímica e Eletroanalítica, p. 626. , S.PauloShim, Y.-B., Stilwell, D.E., Park, S.-M., (1991) Electroanalysis, 5, p. 31Sherman, B.C., Euler, W.B., Forcé, R.R., (1994) J. Chem. Educ., 71, pp. A95Adad, J.M.T., (1982) Contrôle Químico de Qualidade, pp. 29-30. , Ed. Guanabara Dois SA, R. JaneiroBobacka, J., Lindfors, T., McCarrick, M., Ivaska, A., Lewenstam, A., (1995) Anal. Chem., 67, p. 3819Imisides, M.D., John, R., Wallace, G.G., (1996) Chemtech, 19Dayton, M.A., Brown, J.C., Stutts, K.J., Wightmann, R.M., (1980) Anal. Chem., 52, p. 946Shiu, K.K., Pang, S.K., Cheung, H.K., (1994) J. Electroanal. Chem., 367, p. 115Lu, W., Zhao, H., Wallace, G.G., (1995) Anal. Chim. Acta, 575, p. 27Unwin, P.R., Bard, A.J., (1992) Anal. Chem., 64, p. 113Vogal, G.L., Carey, C.M., Chow, L.C., Brown, W.E., (1987) J. Dent. Res., 66, p. 1691Anatore, C., Kelly, R.S., Dristensen, E.W., Kuhrand, W.G., Wightmann, R.M., (1986) J. Electroanal. Chem., 213, p. 31Sadik, O.A., Wallace, G.G., (1994) Electroanalysis, 6, p. 860Sangodkar, H., Sukeerthi, S., Srinivasa, R.S., Lai, R., Contractor, A.Q., (1996) Anal. Chem., 68, p. 779Davis, J., Vaughan, H., Cardosi, M.F., (1995) Enzyme Microb. Technol., 17, p. 1030Freitas, K.C.S., Diniz, F.B., Azevedo, W.M., (1996) Anais do X Simpósio Brasileiro de Eletroquímica e Eletroanalítica, p. 175. , S.PauloParent, A.H., Marques Jr., E.T.A., Azevedo, W.M., Diniz, F.B., Melo, E.H.M., Lima Filho, J.L., (1992) Appl. Biochem. Biotech., 37, p. 267Linuino, C.A., Bulhões, L.O.S., (1996) Anais do X Simpósio Brasileiro de Eletroquímica e Eletroanalítica, p. 172. , S.PauloDuek, E.A.R., De Paoli, M.A., Mastragostimo, G., (1992) Anais do VIII Simpôsio Brasilciro de Eletroquímica e Eletroanalítica, p. 581. , S.Paul