Drive For Muscularity: An Exploratory Study In The Brazilian Army [drive For Muscularity: Um Estudo Exploratório No Exército Brasileiro]

Drive for muscularity refers to the desire to achieve an ideal muscular body, as well the degree of concern about increasing muscle mass. The aim of this research was to investigate drive for muscularity traits in men from the Brazilian army. Data from a non-probabilistic sample of 652 men were analyzed. Results showed associations among drive for muscularity variables and habits of physical exercise practice, life and body satisfaction, and social physique anxiety. Differences in drive for muscularity traits were also found accordingly with the romantic status, financial security and time career in the army. It was concluded that monitoring the drive for muscularity during military education should be part of the psychosocial care routines.302213222Bahrke, M.S., Muscle enhancing substances and strategies (2007) The muscular ideal: Psychological, social and medical perspectives, pp. 141-160. , J. K. Thompson & G. Cafri (Eds.), Washington, DC: APACampana, A.N.B.C., Tavares, M.C.G.C.F., Silva, D., Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação da Social Physique Anxiety Scale, para a Língua Portuguesa no Brasil (2011) Actas do 7o Congresso Iberoamericano da Avaliação Psicológica, , julho, Lisboa, PortugalCampana, A.N.B.C., Tavares, M.C.G.C.F., Swami, V., Silva, D., An examination of the psychometric properties of Brazilian Portuguese translations of the drive for muscularity scale, the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire, and the Masculine Body Ideal Distress Scale (2013) Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14, pp. 376-388Carlton, J.R., Manos, G.H., Van Slyke, J.A., Anxiety and abnormal eating behavior associated with cyclical readiness testing in a naval hospital active duty population (2005) Military Medicine, 170, pp. 663-667Edwards, S., Launder, C., Investigating muscularity concerns in male body image: Development of the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire (2000) International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, pp. 120-124(2002) Manual de Campanha C 20-20 - Treinamento Físico Militar, , Estado-Maior do Exército (EME), 3a Ed). Brasília: Exército Brasileiro(2008) Diretriz para o Treinamento Físico Militar do Exército e sua Avaliação, , Estado-Maior do Exército (EME), Brasília: Exército BrasileiroGiles, D.C., Close, J., Exposure to 'lad magazines' and drive for muscularity in dating and non-dating young men (2008) Personality and Individual Differences, 44, pp. 1610-1616Ginis, K.A.M., Eng, J.J., Arbour, K.P., Hartman, J.W., Phillips, S.M., Mind over muscle? Sex differences in the relationship between body image change and subjective and objective physical changes following a 12-week strengthtraining program (2005) Body Image, 2, pp. 363-372Goldenberg, M., (2002) Nu & vestido, , Rio de Janeiro: RecordGraetz, B., Health consequences of employment and unemployment: Longitudinal evidence for young men and women (1993) Social Science & Medicine, 36, pp. 715-724Gunderson, E.K.E., Body size, self-evaluation, and military effectiveness (1965) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, pp. 902-906Hair Jr, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Black, W.B., (2009) Multivariate data analysis, , Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice HallHart, E., Leary, M.R., Rejesky, W.J., The measurement of social physique anxiety (1989) Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, pp. 94-104Jones, L., The health consequences of economic recessions (1991) Journal of Health & Social Policy, 3, pp. 1-14Kimmel, S.B., Mahalik, J.R., Measuring masculine body ideal distress: Development of a measure (2004) International Journal of Men's Health, 3, pp. 1-10Leung, A.S.M., Cheung, Y.A., Liu, X., The relations between life domain satisfaction and subjective well-being (2011) Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26, pp. 155-169Luciano, L., (2001) Looking good: Male body image in modern America, , New York: Hill and WangMalhotra, N.K., (1999) Marketing research: An applied orientation, , New Jersey: Prentice HallMagnani, R., (1999) Sampling guide. IMPACT Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring Project, , Arlington: International Science and Technology InstituteMcCreary, D.R., Body image and muscularity (2011) Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention, pp. 198-205. , T. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), New York: GuilfordMcCreary, D.R., Sasse, D.K., An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls (2000) Journal of American College Health, 48, pp. 297-304McCreary, D.R., Sasse, D.K., Saucier, D.M., Dorsch, K.D., Measuring the drive for muscularity: Factorial validity of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in men and women (2004) Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5, pp. 49-58McCreary, D.R., Saucier, D.M., Drive for muscularity, body comparison, and social physique anxiety in men and women (2009) Body Image, 6, pp. 24-30McNulty, P.A., Prevalence and contributing factors of eating disorder behaviors in active duty Navy men (1997) Military Medicine, 162, pp. 753-758(2010) Módulo didático para execução e avaliação do treinamento físico militar para o curso de formação de oficiais da escola de formação de oficiais do Exército, , Ministério da Defesa, Rio de Janeiro: Exército BrasileiroMorgado, J.J.M., (2012) Imagem corporal de homens militares, , (Unpublished master's thesis), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MGMorrison, T.G., Morrison, M.A., Mc Cann, L., Striving for bodily perfection? An overview of the drive for muscularity (2006) Body image: New research, pp. 1-34. , M. Kindes (Ed.), Columbus, NY: Nova ScienceNeves, E.B., Mello, M.G.S., O risco da profissão militar na cidade do Rio de Janeiro em "tempo de paz": a percepção da tropa (2009) Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, 14, pp. 1669-1707Nowell, C., Ricciardelli, L.A., Appearance-based comments, body dissatisfaction, and drive for muscularity in males (2008) Body Image, 5, pp. 337-345Olivardia, R., Muscle dysmorphia: Characteristics, assessment, and treatment (2007) The muscular ideal: Psychological, social and medical perspectives, pp. 123-140. , K. Thompson & G. Cafri (Eds.), Washington: APAPope, H.G., Phillips, K.A., Olivardia, R., (2000) The adonis complex, , New York: Free PressPope, H.G., Gruber, A.J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., Phillips, K.A., Muscle dysmorphia: an unrecognized form of body dismorphic disorder (1997) Psychosomatics, 38, pp. 548-557Pope, C.G., Pope, H.G., Menard, W., Fay, C., Olivardia, R., Phillips, K.A., Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia among males with body dysmorphic disorder (2005) Body Image, 2, pp. 395-400Proyer, R.T., Annen, H., Eggimann, N., Schneider, A., Ruch, W., Assessing the "good life" in a military context: How does life and work satisfaction relate to orientations to happiness and career success among Swiss professional officers? (2012) Social Indicators Research, 106, pp. 577-590Ricciardelli, L.A., McCabe, M.P., A biopsychosocial model of disordered eating and the pursuit of muscularity in adolescent boys (2004) Psychological Bulletin, 130, pp. 179-205Sabino, C., Musculação: expansão e manutenção da masculinidade (2000) Os novos desejos: das academias de musculação às agências de encontros, pp. 61-104. , M. Goldenberg (Ed.), Rio de Janeiro: RecordSmith, A.R., Li, N., Joiner, T.E., The pursuit of success: Can status aspirations negatively affect body satisfaction? (2011) Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, pp. 531-547Swami, V., Kannan, K., Furnham, A., Positive body image: Inter-ethnic and rural-urban differences among an indigenous sample from Malaysian Borneo (2012) International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58, pp. 568-576Warr, P., (1987) Work, unemployment, and mental health, , New York: Oxford University Pres