Soil And Biomass Mercury Emissions During A Prescribed Fire In The Amazonian Rain Forest

Mercury stored in forests can be volatilized to the atmosphere during fires. Many factors influence this process such as mercury concentration, vegetation loading and the soil temperature reached during the fire. We quantified mercury emissions from biomass and soil during a prescribed fire in Brazil using the difference in mercury burden in vegetation and soil before and after burning, and data were critically compared with those previously obtained in a similar experiment in another part of the Amazonia. The calculated mercury emission factor was 4.1±1.4gHgha-1, with the main part (78%) originating from litterfall and O-horizon, and only 14% associated with live biomass. When considering the fuel burned loading, the emission factor ranged from 40 to 53μgHgkg-1. Data were also obtained on soil temperature profile and on Hg speciation in soil in an effort to relate these parameters to Hg emissions. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.96415422(2014) Goverment of Acre State, , http://www.seiam.ac.gov.br, AcreAgee, J.K., (1973) Prescribed Fire Effects on Physical and Hydrologic Properties of Mixed-Conifer Forest Floor and Soil, , Report 143, Univ. California Resources Center, Davis, CAAlmeida, M.D., Lacerda, L.D., Bastos, W.R., Herrmann, J.C., Mercury loss from soils following conversion from forest to pasture in RondÔnia, Western Amazon, Brazil (2005) Environ. Pollut., 137, pp. 179-186Arocena, J.M., Opio, C., Prescribed fire-induced changes in properties of sub-boreal forest soils (2003) Geoderma, 113, pp. 1-16Brabo, E.S., Angélica, R.S., Silva, A.P., Faial, K.R.F., Mascarenhas, A.F.S., Santos, E.C.O., Jesus, I.M., Loureiro, E.C.B., Assessment of mercury levels in soils, waters, bottom sediments and fishes of acre state in Brazilian Amazon (2003) Water Air Soil Pollut., 147, pp. 61-77Bradstock, R.A., Auld, T.D., Soil temperatures during experimental bushfires in relation to fire intensity: consequences for legume germination and fire management in south-eastern Australia (1995) J.Appl. Ecol., 32, pp. 76-84Browder, J.O., Pedlowski, M.A., Summers, P.M., Land use patterns in the Brazilian Amazon: comparative farm-level evidence from RondÔnia (2004) Hum. Ecol., 32, pp. 197-224Carpi, A., Fostier, A.H., Orta, O.R., dos Santos, J.C., Gittings, M., Gaseous mercury emissions from soil following forest loss and land use changes: field experiments in the United States and Brazil (2014) Atmos. Environ., 96, pp. 423-429Carvalho, J.A., Costa, F.S., Gurgel Veras, C.A., Sandberg, D.V., Alvarado, E.C., Gielow, R., Serra, A.M., Santos, J.C., Biomass fire consumption and carbon release rates of rainforest-clearing experiments conducted in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil (2001) J.Geophys. Res. D Atmos., 106, pp. 17877-17887Carvalho, J.A., Gurgel Veras, C.A., Alvarado, E.C., Sandberg, D.V., Leite, S.J., Gielow, R., Rabelo, E.R.C., Santos, J.C., Understorey fire propagation and tree mortality on adjacent areas to an Amazonian deforestation fire (2010) Int. J. Wildland Fire, 19, pp. 795-799Carvalho, J.A., Higuchi, N., Araújo, T.M., Santos, J.C., Combustion completeness in a rainforest clearing experiment in Manaus, Brazil (1998) J.Geophys. Res. D Atmos., 103, pp. 13195-13199Chandler, C., Cheney, P., Thomas, P., Trabaud, L., Williams, D., Forest Fire Behavior and Effects (1983) Fire in Forestry, 1. , Wiley, New YorkChristian, T.J., Yokelson, R.J., Carvalho, J.A., Griffith, D.W.T., Alvarado, E.C., Santos, J.C., Neto, T.G.S., Hao, W.M., The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: trace gases emitted by smoldering logs and dung from deforestation and pasture fires in Brazil (2007) J.Geophys. Res. D Atmos., 112Christofaro, C., Leão, M.M., Tratamento de dados censurados em estudos ambientais (2014) Quim. Nova, 37 (104), p. 110Comte, I., Lucotte, M., Davidson, R., Reis De Carvalho, C.J., De Assis Oliveira, F., Rousseau, G.X., Impacts of land uses on mercury retention in long-time cultivated soils, brazilian amazon (2013) Water Air Soil Pollut., 224da Silva, G.S., Bisinoti, M.C., Fadini, P.S., Magarelli, G., Jardim, W.F., Fostier, A.H., Major aspects of the mercury cycle in the Negro river basin, Amazon (2009) J.Braz. Chem. Soc., 20, pp. 1127-1134Debano, L.F., The role of fire and soil heating on water repellency in Wildland environments: a review (2000) J.Hydrol., pp. 195-206Do Valle, C.M., Santana, G.P., Augusti, R., Egreja Filho, F.B., Windmöller, C.C., Speciation and quantification of mercury in Oxisol, Ultisol, and Spodosol from Amazon (Manaus, Brazil) (2005) Chemosphere, 58, pp. 779-792do Valle, C.M., Santana, G.P., Windmöller, C.C., Mercury conversion processes in Amazon soils evaluated by thermodesorption analysis (2006) Chemosphere, 65, pp. 1966-1975Engle, M.A., Sexauer Gustin, M., Johnson, D.W., Murphy, J.F., Miller, W.W., Walker, R.F., Wright, J., Markee, M., Mercury distribution in two Sierran forest and one desert sagebrush steppe ecosystems and the effects of fire (2006) Sci. Total Environ., 367, pp. 222-233Farella, N., Davidson, R., Lucotte, M., Daigle, S., Nutrient and mercury variations in soils from family farms of the Tapajós region (Brazilian Amazon): recommendations for better farming (2007) Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 120, pp. 449-462Farella, N., Lucotte, M., Davidson, R., Daigle, S., Mercury release from deforested soils triggered by base cation enrichment (2006) Sci. Total Environ., 368, pp. 19-29Fay, L., Gustin, M., Assessing the influence of different atmospheric and soil mercury concentrations on foliar mercury concentrations in a controlled environment (2007) Water Air Soil Pollut., 181, pp. 373-384Fostier, A.H., Forti, M.C., Guimarães, J.R.D., Melfi, A.J., Boulet, R., Espirito Santo, C.M., Krug, F.J., Mercury fluxes in a natural forested Amazonian catchment (Serra do Navio, Amapa State, Brazil) (2000) Sci. Total Environ., 260, pp. 201-211Frescholtz, T.F., Gustin, M.S., Schorran, D.E., Fernandez, G.C.J., Assessing the source of mercury in foliar tissue of quaking aspen (2003) Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, pp. 2114-2119Friedli, H.R., Arellano, A.F., Cinnirella, S., Pirrone, N., Initial estimates of mercury emissions to the atmosphere from global biomass burning (2009) Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, pp. 3507-3513Friedli, H.R., Radke, L.F., Lu, J.Y., Mercury in smoke from biomass fires (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, pp. 3223-3226González-Pérez, J.A., González-Vila, F.J., Almendros, G., Knicker, H., The effect of fire on soil organic matter - a review (2004) Environ. Int., 30, pp. 855-870Grigal, D.F., Mercury sequestration in forests and peatlands: a review (2003) J.Environ. Qual., 32, pp. 393-405Harden, J.W., Neff, J.C., Sandberg, D.V., Turetsky, M.R., Ottmar, R., Gleixner, G., Fries, T.L., Manies, K.L., Chemistry of burning the forest floor during the FROSTFIRE experimental burn, interior Alaska, 1999 (2004) Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, pp. 3011-3013. , GB3014Hodnett, M.G., Pimentel Da Silva, L., Da Rocha, H.R., Cruz Senna, R., Seasonal soil water storage changes beneath central Amazonian rainforest and pasture (1995) J.Hydrol., 170, pp. 233-254Holmes, C.D., Jacob, D.J., Corbitt, E.S., Mao, J., Yang, X., Talbot, R., Slemr, F., Global atmospheric model for mercury including oxidation by bromine atoms (2010) Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, pp. 12037-12057(2014) Projeto Prodes monitoramento da floresta amazonica por satélite, , http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/index.php, INPELacerda, L., Amazon mercury emissions (1995) Nature, 374, pp. 20-21Lin, C.J., Pehkonen, S.O., The chemistry of atmospheric mercury: a review (1999) Atmos. Environ., 33, pp. 2067-2079Magarelli, G., Fostier, A.H., Influence of deforestation on the mercury air/soil exchange in the Negro River Basin, Amazon (2005) Atmos. Environ., 39, pp. 7518-7528Mailman, M., Bodaly, R.A., Total mercury, methyl mercury, and carbon in fresh and burned plants and soil in Northwestern Ontario (2005) Environ. Pollut., 138, pp. 161-166Mainville, N., Webb, J., Lucotte, M., Davidson, R., Betancourt, O., Cueva, E., Mergler, D., Decrease of soil fertility and release of mercury following deforestation in the Andean Amazon, Napo River Valley, Ecuador (2006) Sci. Total Environ., 368, pp. 88-98Mataix-Solera, J., (1999) Alteraciones físicas, químicas y biológicas en suelos afectados por incendios forestales, , (Ph.D. thesis), Universidad de AlicanteMataix-Solera, J., Cerdà, A., Arcenegui, V., Jordán, A., Zavala, L.M., Fire effects on soil aggregation: a review (2011) Earth Sci. Rev., 109, pp. 44-60Melendez-Perez, J.J., Fostier, A.H., Assessment of direct Mercury Analyzer® to quantify mercury in soils and leaf samples (2013) J.Braz. Chem. Soc., 24, pp. 1880-1886Mélières, M.-A., Pourchet, M., Charles-Dominique, P., Gaucher, P., Mercury in canopy leaves of French Guiana in remote areas (2003) Sci. Total Environ., 311, pp. 261-267Mesquita, C.C., (1996) The Climate of the State of Acre, p. 57. , Rio Branco: SECTMA, (in Portuguese)Michelazzo, P.A., Fostier, A.H., Magarelli, G., Santos, J.C., Andrade de Carvalho, J., Mercury emissions from forest burning in southern Amazon (2010) Geophys. Res. Lett., 37Miller, J.N., Miller, J.C., (2000) Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry, , Pearson, EdinburghFire effects on soils (2004) Southwest Hydrol., pp. 18-19. , NearyNeary, D.G., Klopatek, C.C., DeBano, L.F., Ffolliott, P.F., Fire effects on belowground sustainability: a review and synthesis (1999) For. Ecol. Manag., 122, pp. 51-71Neto, T.G., Carvalho, J.A., Cortez, E.V., Azevedo, R.G., Oliveira, R.A., Fidalgo, W.R.R., Santos, J.C., Laboratory evaluation of Amazon forest biomass burning emissions (2011) Atmos. Environ., 45, pp. 7455-7461Neto, T.G., Carvalho, J.A., Veras, C.A.G., Alvarado, E.C., Gielow, R., Lincoln, E.N., Christian, T.J., Santos, J.C., Biomass consumption and CO2, CO and main hydrocarbon gas emissions in an Amazonian forest clearing fire (2009) Atmos. Environ., 43, pp. 438-446Obrist, D., Johnson, D.W., Edmonds, R.L., Effects of vegetation type on mercury concentrations and pools in two adjacent coniferous and deciduous forests (2012) J.Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 175, pp. 68-77Patry, C., Davidson, R., Lucotte, M., Béliveau, A., Impact of forested fallows on fertility and mercury content in soils of the Tapajós River region, Brazilian Amazon (2013) Sci. Total Environ., 458-460, pp. 228-237Pirrone, N., Cinnirella, S., Feng, X., Finkelman, R.B., Friedli, H.R., Leaner, J., Mason, R., Telmer, K., Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources (2010) Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, pp. 5951-5964Rea, A.W., Lindberg, S.E., Scherbatskoy, T., Keeler, G.J., Mercury accumulation in foliage over time in two northern mixed-hardwood forests (2002) Water Air Soil Pollut., 133, pp. 49-67Rezende, P.S., Moura, P.A.S., Durão, W.A., Nascentes, C.C., Windmöller, C.C., Costa, L.M., Arsenic and mercury mobility in Brazilian sediments from the São Francisco River Basin (2011) J.Braz. Chem. Soc., 22, pp. 910-918Roulet, M., Lucotte, M., Farella, N., Serique, G., Coelho, H., Sousa Passos, C.J., Da Silva, E.J., Amorim, M., Effects of recent human colonization on the presence of mercury in Amazonian ecosystems (1999) Water Air Soil Pollut., 112, pp. 297-313Rundel, P.W., Impact of fire on nutrient cycles in mediterranean-type ecosystems with reference to chaparral (1983) Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems: the Role of Nutrients, pp. 192-2207. , Springer-Verlag, New York, USA, F.J. Kruger, D.T. Mitchell, J.U.M. Jarvis (Eds.)Sandberg, D.V., Ottmar, R.D., (1983) Slash Burning and Fuel Consumption in the Douglas-fir Subregion. Seventh Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology, pp. 90-93. , Colorado, Fort CollinsSanford, R.F., Pierson, C.T., Crovelli, R.A., An objective replacement method for censored geochemical data (1993) Math. Geol., 25, pp. 59-80(2006) Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos, , Embrapa Solos, SiBCSSilveira, J.M., Barlow, J., Krusche, A.V., Orwin, K.H., Balch, J.K., Moutinho, P., Effects of experimental fires on litter decomposition in a seasonally dry Amazonian forest (2009) J.Trop. Ecol., 25, pp. 657-663Six, J., Feller, C., Denef, K., Ogle, S.M., De Moraes Sa, J.C., Albrecht, A., Soil organic matter, biota and aggregation in temperate and tropical soils - effects of no-tillage (2002) Agronomie, 22, pp. 755-775Sydenstricker-Neto, J., Population and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: a mediating perspective and a mixed-method analysis (2012) Popul. Environ., 34, pp. 86-112Teixeira, D.C., Montezuma, R.C., Oliveira, R.R., Silva-Filho, E.V., Litterfall mercury deposition in Atlantic forest ecosystem from SE - Brazil (2012) Environ. Pollut., 164, pp. 11-15(2013) Global Mercury Assessment 2013: Sources, Emissions, Releases and Environmental Transport, , UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva, Switzerland, UNEPVeiga, M.M., Meech, J.A., Onate, N., Mercury pollution from deforestation (1994) Nature, 368, pp. 816-817Wiedinmyer, C., Friedli, H., Mercury emission estimates from fires: an initial inventory for the United States (2007) Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, pp. 8092-809