Comparative Study Of β-carotene And Microencapsulated β-carotene: Evaluation Of Their Genotoxic And Antigenotoxic Effects

β-Carotene (BC) is one of the natural pigments that is most commonly added to food; however, the utilization of BC is limited due to its instability. Microencapsulation techniques are commonly used because they can protect the microencapsulated material from oxidization. Nevertheless, the properties of the encapsulated compounds must be studied. We compared the antigenotoxic potential of pure and microencapsulated β-carotene (mBC) in Wistar rats. Two doses of BC or mBC (2.5 or 5.0. mg/kg) were administered by gavage over a period of 14. days. The final gavage was followed by an injection of doxorubicin (DXR). After 24. h the animals were euthanized. The micronucleus test results showed that when both mBC and DXR were given, only the higher dose was antigenotoxic. The results of the comet assay show that when given in association with DXR, mBC had protective effects in the liver. The differences between the results obtained with BC and mBC suggest that possibly the carotenoid biodisponibility was modified by the process of microencapsulation. In conclusion, mBC does not lose its protective properties, but higher doses must be used to observe antigenotoxic effects. This is the first time that the genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of a microencapsulated compound was evaluated in vivo. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.50514181424Agarwal, S., Rao, A.V., Carotenoids and chronic diseases (2000) Drug Metabol. Drug Interact., 17, pp. 189-210Alija, A.J., Bresgen, N., Sommerburg, O., Siems, W., Eckl, P.M., Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of beta-carotene breakdown products on primary rat hepatocytes (2004) Carcinogenesis, 25, pp. 827-831Arriaga-Alba, M., Rivera-Sanchez, R., Parra-Cervantes, G., Barro-Moreno, F., Flores-Paz, R., Garcia-Jimenez, E., Antimutagenesis of beta-carotene to mutations induced by quinolone on Salmonella typhimurium (2000) Arch. Med. Res., 31, pp. 156-161Augustin, M.A., Hemar, Y., Nano- and micro-structured assemblies for encapsulation of food ingredients (2009) Chem. Soc. Rev., 38, pp. 902-912Barbosa, M.I.M.J., Borsarelli, C.D., Mercadante, A.Z., Light stability of spray-dried bixin encapsulated with different edible polysaccharide preparations (2005) Food Res. Int., 38, pp. 989-994Bisby, R.H., Morgan, C.G., Hamblett, I., Gorman, A.A., Quenching of singlet oxygen by Trolox C, ascorbate, and amino acids: effects of pH and temperature (1999) J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, pp. 7454-7459Boon, C.S., McClements, D.J., Weiss, J., Decker, E.A., Role of iron and hydroperoxides in the degradation of lycopene in oil-in-water emulsions (2009) J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, pp. 2993-2998Boon, C.S., McClements, D.J., Weiss, J., Decker, E.A., Factors influencing the chemical stability of carotenoids in foods (2010) Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 50, pp. 515-532Bowen, D.E., Whitwell, J.H., Lillford, L., Henderson, D., Kidd, D., Mc Garry, S., Pearce, G., Kirkland, D.J., Evaluation of a multi-endpoint assay in rats, combining the bone-marrow micronucleus test, the Comet assay and the flow-cytometric peripheral blood micronucleus test (2011) Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 722, pp. 7-19Celik, A., Ogenler, O., Comelekoglu, U., The evaluation of micronucleus frequency by acridine orange fluorescent staining in peripheral blood of rats treated with lead acetate (2005) Mutagenesis, 20, pp. 411-415Davies, B.H., (1976) Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments, 2, pp. 38-165. , Academic Press, Londonde Vos, W.M., Castenmiller, J.J.M., Hamer, R.J., Brummer, R.J.M., Nutridynamics - Studying the dynamics of food components in products and in the consumer (2006) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 17, pp. 217-225Dhawan, A., Bajpayee, M., Parmar, D., Comet assay: a reliable tool for the assessment of DNA damage in different models (2009) Cell Biol. Toxicol., 25, pp. 5-32Druesne-Pecollo, N., Latino-Martel, P., Norat, T., Barrandon, E., Bertrais, S., Galan, P., Hercberg, S., Beta-carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials (2010) Int. J. Cancer, 127, pp. 172-184Evangelista, C.M.W., Antunes, L.M.G., Francescato, H.D.C., Bianchi, M.L.P., Effects of the olive, extra virgin olive and canola oils on cisplatin-induced clastogenesis in Wistar rats (2004) Food Chem. Toxicol., 42, pp. 1291-1297Faria, A.F., Mignone, R.A., Montenegro, M.A., Mercadante, A.Z., Borsarelli, C.D., Characterization and singlet oxygen quenching capacity of spray-dried microcapsules of edible biopolymers containing antioxidant molecules (2010) J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, pp. 8004-8011Fenech, M., Nutrition and genome health Nutrigenomics - Opportunities in Asia (2007) Forum Nutr., 60, pp. 49-65Ferreira, A.L.A., Salvadori, D.M.F., Nascimento, M.C.M.O., Rocha, N.S., Correa, C.R., Pereira, E.J., Matsubara, L.S., Ladeira, M.S.P., Tomato-oleoresin supplement prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiac myocyte oxidative DNA damage in rats (2007) Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 631, pp. 26-35Gharsallaoui, A., (2008), Microencapsulation of food ingredients by spray-drying, in: SciTopics (Ed.), SciTopics. SciTopicsGradecka-Meesters, D., Palus, J., Prochazka, G., Segerbäck, D., Dziubałtowska, E., Kotova, N., Jenssen, D., Stepnik, M., Assessment of the protective effects of selected dietary anticarcinogens against DNA damage and cytogenetic effects induced by benzo[a]pyrene in C57BL/6J mice (2011) Food Chem. Toxicol., 49, pp. 1674-1683Hayashi, M., Sofuni, T., Morita, T., Simulation study of the effects of multiple treatments in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test (1991) Mutat. Res., 252, pp. 281-287Hayashi, M., MacGregor, J.T., Gatehouse, D.G., Adler, I.D., Blakey, D.H., Dertinger, S.D., Krishna, G., Sutou, S., In vivo rodent erythrocyte micronucleus assay (2000) II. Some aspects of protocol design including repeated treatments, integration with toxicity testing, and automated scoring. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 35, pp. 234-252Krinsky, N.I., Johnson, E.J., Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease (2005) Mol. Aspects Med., 26, pp. 459-516Kuang, S.S., Oliveira, J.C., Crean, A.M., Microencapsulation as a tool for incorporating bioactive ingredients into food (2010) Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 50, pp. 951-968Lissi, E.A., Encinas, M.V., Lemp, E., Rubio, M.A., Singlet oxygen O2(1-Delta-G) bimolecular processes - Solvent and compartmentalization effects (1993) Chem. Rev., 93, pp. 699-723Lu, Q.Y., Hung, J.C., Heber, D., Go, V.L.W., Reuter, V.E., Cordon-Cardo, C., Scher, H.I., Zhang, Z.F., Inverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer (2001) Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10, pp. 749-756Macgregor, J.T., Heddle, J.A., Hite, M., Margolin, B.H., Ramel, C., Salamone, M.F., Tice, R.R., Wild, D., Guidelines for the conduct of micronucleus assays in mammalian bone-marrow erythrocytes (1987) Mutat. Res., 189, pp. 103-112Maiani, G., Periago Castón, M.J., Catasta, G., Toti, E., Cambrodón, I.G., Bysted, A., Granado-Lorencio, F., Schlemmer, U., Carotenoids: actual knowledge on food sources, intakes, stability and bioavailability and their protective role in humans (2009) Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 53, pp. S194-S218Manca, D., Rovaglio, M., Modeling the controlled release of microencapsulated drugs: theory and experimental validation (2003) Chem. Eng. Sci., 58, pp. 1337-1351Mayne, S.T., Handelman, G.J., Beecher, G., Beta-carotene and lung cancer promotion in heavy smokers - A plausible relationship? (1996) J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 88, pp. 1513-1515Mercadante, A.Z., Carotenoids in foods: sources and stability during processing and storage (2008) Food Colorants: Chemical and Functional Properties, pp. 213-240. , CRC Press, Boca Raton, C. Socaciu (Ed.)Montenegro, M.A., Nunes, I.L., Mercadante, A.Z., Borsarelli, C.D., Photoprotection of vitamins in skimmed milk by an aqueous soluble lycopene-gum Arabic microcapsule (2007) J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, pp. 323-329Mukherjee, A., Agarwal, K., Aguilar, M.A., Sharma, A., Anticlastogenic activity [beta]-carotene against cyclophoshamide in mice in vivo (1991) Mutat. Res. Lett., 263, pp. 41-46Muzandu, K., El Bohi, K., Shaban, Z., Ishizuka, M., Kazusaka, A., Fujita, S., Lycopene and beta-carotene ameliorate catechol estrogen-mediated DNA damage (2005) Jpn. J. Vet. Res., 52, pp. 173-184Namitha, K.K., Negi, P.S., Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids (2010) Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 50, pp. 728-760Nunes, I.L., Mercadante, A.Z., Encapsulation of lycopene using spray-drying and molecular inclusion processes (2007) Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 50, pp. 893-900Ostling, O., Johanson, K.J., Microelectrophoretic study of radiation-induced DNA damages in individual mammalian cells (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 123, pp. 291-298Parada, J., Aguilera, J.M., Food microstructure affects the bioavailability of several nutrients (2007) J. Food Sci., 72, pp. R21-R32Prado, S.M., Buera, M.P., Elizalde, B.E., Structural collapse prevents β-carotene loss in a supercooled polymeric matrix (2005) J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, pp. 79-85Ribeiro, J.C., Antunes, L.M.G., Aissa, A.F., Darin, J.D.C., De Rosso, V.V., Mercadante, A.Z., Bianchi, M.D.P., Evaluation of the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects after acute and subacute treatments with acai pulp (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) on mice using the erythrocytes micronucleus test and the comet assay (2010) Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 695, pp. 22-28Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B., Food carotenoids: analysis, composition and alterations during storage and processing of foods (2003) Forum Nutr., 56, pp. 35-37Salvadori, D.M.F., Ribeiro, L.R., Oliveira, M.D.M., Pereira, C.A.B., Becak, W., The protective effect of beta-carotene on genotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide (1992) Mutat. Res., 265, pp. 237-244Sendao, M.C., Behling, E.B., dos Santos, R.A., Antunes, L.M.G., Bianchi, M.D.L.P., Comparative effects of acute and subacute lycopene administration on chromosomal aberrations induced by cisplatin in male rats (2006) Food Chem. Toxicol., 44, pp. 1334-1339Sies, H., Stahl, W., Sundquist, A.R., Antioxidant functions of vitamins (1992) Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 669, pp. 7-20Singh, N.P., Mccoy, M.T., Tice, R.R., Schneider, E.L., A Simple Technique for Quantitation of Low-Levels of DNA Damage in Individual Cells (1988) Exp. Cell Res., 175, pp. 184-191Singh, M., Kaur, P., Sandhir, R., Kiran, R., Protective effects of vitamin E against atrazine-induced genotoxicity in rats (2008) Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 654, pp. 145-149Tweats, D.J., Blakey, D., Heflich, R.H., Jacobs, A., Jacobsen, S.D., Morita, T., Nohmi, T., Tice, R., Report of the IWGT working group on strategy/interpretation for regulatory in vivo tests - II. Identification of in vivo-only positive compounds in the bone marrow micronucleus test (2007) Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 627, pp. 92-105Wang, Y., Lu, Z., Wu, H., Lv, F., Study on the antibiotic activity of microcapsule curcumin against foodborne pathogens (2009) Int. J. Food Microbiol., 136, pp. 71-74Wilkinson, F., Helman, W.P., Ross, A.B., Rate constants for the decay and reactions of the lowest electronically excited singlet-state of molecular-oxygen in solution - An expanded and revised compilation (1995) J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 24, pp. 663-1021Yamanushi, T.T., Torii, M.I., Janjua, N., Kabuto, H., In vivo tissue uptake of intravenously injected water soluble all-trans beta-carotene used as a food colorant (2009) Nutr. J., 8Zulueta, A., Esteve, M.J., Frigola, A., Carotenoids and color of fruit juice and milk beverage mixtures (2007) J. Food Sci., 72, pp. C457-C46