Comparative Cephalometric Study Between Nasal And Predominantly Mouth Breathers [estudo Cefalométrico Comparativo Entre Respiradores Nasais E Predominantemente Bucais]

Aim: to evaluate the possible correlation between the respiratory pattern in determining the craniofacial dimensions, using as baseline the Tweed-Merrifield's cephalometric analysis, added to angle SN-GoGn and to Y axis angle. Methodology: The selected sample to this study comprised 50 teleradiographies taken in lateral and natural positions of the head in young female patients at the age of 9 to 12 years, presenting mean age of 10 years and 5 months and Class 1 malocclusion. After diagnosis of respiratory pattern, the sample was divided into two groups: control group, 25 teleradiographies of nasal breathers in lateral and natural positions of the head; experimental group, 25 teleradiographies of predominantly mouth breathers in lateral and natural positions of the head. Results: The results were submitted to descriptive analysis (mean and standard deviation), test F and "t" Student test with significance level of 5%. There was no significant difference between the group with nasal breathing and the group with predominantly mouth breathing for any of the studied variables.7217282Cooper, B.C., Nasorespiratory function and orofacial development (1989) Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 22 (2), pp. 413-441Queluz, D.P., Gimenez, C.M.M., A síndrome do respirador bucal (2000) Rev CROMG, 6 (1), pp. 4-9Andrade, L.P., Majolo, M.S., A influência da respiração bucal no crescimento facial (2000) Rev Goiana Ortod, 5, pp. 34-45Mocellin, M., Respirador bucal (1992) Ortodontia para Fonoaudiologia, pp. 131-134. , Petrelli E. São Paulo: LoviseHawkins, A.C., Mouth breathing and its relationship to malocclusion and facial abnormalities (1969) N M Dent J, 20 (1), pp. 18-21Linder-Aronson, S., Respiratory function in relation to facial morphology and the dentition (1979) Br J Orthod, 6 (2), pp. 59-71McNamara, J.A., Influence of respiratory pattern on craniofacial growth (1981) Angle Orthod, 51 (4), pp. 269-300Bresolin, D., Shapiro, P.A., Shapiro, G.G., Chapko, M.K., Dassel, S., Mouth breathing in allergic children: Its relationship to dentofacial development (1983) Am J Orthod, 83 (4), pp. 334-340Melsen, B., Attina, L., Santuari, M., Attina, A., Relationships between swallowing pattern, mode of respiration, and development of malocclusion (1987) Angle Orthod, 57 (2), pp. 113-120Yamada, T., Tanne, K., Miyamoto, K., Yamauchi, K., Influences of nasal respiratory obstruction on craniofacial growth in young Macaca fuscata monkeys (1997) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 111 (1), pp. 38-43Fujiki, P.D.T., Rossato, C., Influência da hipertrofia adenoideana no crescimento e desenvolvimento craniodentofacial (1999) Ortodontia, 32 (1), pp. 70-79Sabatoski, C.V., (1999) Estudo Comparativo Das Dimensões Esqueléticas Verticais e Horizontais Entre Crianças Respiradoras Bucais e Nasais, pp. 96f. , [dissertação]. Curitiba: Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do ParanáMsp, B., (2000) Estudo Cefalométrico Vertical Comparativo Entre Crianças Com Respiração Bucal e Nasal Nos Diferentes Tipos Faciais, pp. 105f. , [dissertação]. Curitiba: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do ParanáMotonaga, S.M., Berti, L.C., Anselmolima, W.T., Respiração bucal: Causas e alterações no sistema estomatognático (2000) Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol, 66 (41), pp. 373-379Mls, S.N., Maruo, H., Vieira, S.R., Saga, A.Y., Estudo cefalométrico comparativo das dimensões craniofaciais entre crianças respiradoras nasais e bucais, com maloclusão Classe II divisão 1 (2004) J Brás Ortod Ortop Facial, 9 (49), pp. 41-47Lusvarghi, L., Identificando o respirador bucal (1999) Rev Assoc Paul Cir Dent, 53 (4), pp. 265-274Klein, E., Obstrução nasal: Um obstáculo à vida (1987) Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol, 53 (4), pp. 106-110Quick, C.A., Gundlach, K.K., Adenoid facies (1978) Laryngoscope, 88 (2 PART 1), pp. 327-333Diamond, O., Tonsils and adenoids: Why the dilemma? (1980) Am J Orthod, 78 (5), pp. 495-503Subtelny, J.D., Oral respiration: Facial maldevelopment and corrective dentofacial orthopedics (1980) Angle Orthod, 50 (3), pp. 147-164Vig, P.S., Sarver, D.M., Hall, D.J., Warren, D.W., Quantitative evaluation of nasal airflow in relation to facial morphology (1981) Am J Orthod, 79 (3), pp. 263-272O'Ryan, F.S., Gallagher, D.M., LaBanc, J.P., Epker, B.N., The relation between nasorespiratory function and dentofacial morphology: A review (1982) Am J Orthod, 82 (5), pp. 403-410Santos-Pinto, A., Monnerat, M.E., Alterações nasofaringeana e crânio-faciais em pacientes com adenóide hipertrófica: Estudo cefalométrico (1986) RGO, 34 (4), pp. 349-354Klein, J.C., Nasal respiratory function and craniofacial growth (1986) Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 112 (8), pp. 843-849Meredith, G.M., Airway and dentofacial development (1988) Folha Med, 97 (1), pp. 33-40Smith, R.M., Gonzalez, C., The relationship between nasal obstruction and craniofacial growth (1989) Pediatr Clin North Am, 36 (6), pp. 1423-1434Tourne, L.P., The long face syndrome and impairment of the nasopharyngeal airway (1990) Angle Orthod, 60 (3), pp. 167-176Fields, H.W., Warren, D.W., Black, K., Phillips, C.L., Relationship between vertical dentofacial morphology and respiration in adolescents (1991) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 99 (2), pp. 147-154Castilho, J.C.M., Generoso, R., Moraes, L.C., Moraes, M.E.L., Avaliação radiográfica da altura facial anterior inferior (AFAI) em pacientes com e sem obstrução da nasofaringe (2002) J Bras Ortod Ortop Facial, 7 (38), pp. 133-141Solow, B., Greve, E., Rhinomanometric recording in children (1980) Rhinology, 18 (1), pp. 31-42Harvold, E.P., Vargervik, K., Chierici, G., Primate experiments on oral sensation and dental malocclusions (1973) Am J Orthod, 63 (5), pp. 494-508Harvold, E.P., Tomer, B.S., Vargervik, K., Chierici, G., Primate experiments on oral respiration (1981) Am J Orthod, 79 (4), pp. 359-372Weber, Z.J., Preston, C.B., Wright, P.G., Resistance to nasal airflow related to changes in head posture (1981) Am J Orthod, 80 (5), pp. 536-545Miller, A.J., Vargervik, K., Chierici, G., Experimentally induced neuromuscular changes during and after nasal airway obstruction (1984) Am J Orthod, 85 (5), pp. 385-392Jorge, E.P., Estudo da resistência nasal em pacientes com má- oclusão de Classe II divisão 1a de Angle, utilizando a rinomanometria anterior ativa (2001) Rev Dent Press Ortod Ortop Facial, 6 (1), pp. 15-30Ianni Filho, D., Raveli, D.B., Raveli, R.B., Castro Monteiro Loffredo, L., Gandin Jr., L.G., A comparison of nasopharyngeal endoscopy and lateral cephalometric radiography in the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal airway obstruction (2001) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 120 (4), pp. 348-352Massler, M., Zwemer, J.D., Mouthbreathing. II. Diagnosis and treatment (1953) J Am Dent Assoc, 46, pp. 658-671Quinn, G.W., Airway interference syndrome. Clinical identification and evaluation of nose breathing capabilities (1983) Angle Orthod, 53 (4), pp. 311-319Thuer, U., Kuster, R., Ingervall, B., A comparison between anamnestic, rhinomanometric and radiological methods of diagnosing mouth-breathing (1989) Eur J Orthod, 11 (2), pp. 161-168Chami, F.A.I., Avaliação nasofibroscópica e radiológica de pacientes com hiperplasia da amigada faríngea (1998) Rev Bras Med, 5 (4), pp. 118-124Krogman, W.M., Sassouni, V., (1957) A Syllabus in Roentgenographic Cephalometry. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Growth Study, pp. 45-103Miller, A.J., Vargervik, K., Chierici, G., Sequential neuromuscular changes in rhesus monkeys during the initial adaptation to oral respiration (1982) Am J Orthod, 81 (2), pp. 99-107Solow, B., Siersbaek-Nielsen, S., Greve, E., Airway adequacy, head posture, and craniofacial morphology (1984) Am J Orthod, 86 (3), pp. 214-223Crouse, U., Laine-Alava, M.T., Warren, D.W., Nasal impairment in prepubertal children (2000) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 118 (1), pp. 69-74Gross, A.M., Kellum, G.D., Michas, C., Franz, D., Foster, M., Walker, M., Open-mouth posture and maxillary arch width in young children: A three-year evaluation (1994) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 106 (6), pp. 635-640Hartgerink, D.V., Vig, P.S., Lower anterior face height and lip incompetence do not predict nasal airway obstruction (1989) Angle Orthod, 59 (1), pp. 17-23Jacobson, A., The "Wits" appraisal of jaw disharmony (1975) Am J Orthod, 67 (2), pp. 125-138Marchesan, I.Q., Krakaver, L.H., (1995) A Importância Do Trabalho Respiratório Na Terapia Miofuncional. Tópicos Em Fonoaudiologia, 2, pp. 155-160. , São Paulo: LoviseNegreiros, P.E., (2000) O Efeito Sobre As Medidas Cefalométricas Devido à Alteração Da Posição Natural Da Cabeça (PNC) Em Telerradiografias Tomadas Em Norma Lateral, , [dissertação]. Piracicaba: Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de CampinasOliveira, R.C., Anselmo-Lima, W.T., Souza, B.B., Importância da nasofibroscopia na presença do RX cavum normal para diagnóstico da hiperplasia adenoideana (2001) Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol, 67 (4 PART1), pp. 499-50