Gynandromorphism In Pollinating Fig Wasps (hymenoptera: Agaonidae)

Gynandromorph specimens of pollinating fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) are reported for the first time. Gynandromorph individuals of Pegoscapus tonduzi (pollinator of Ficus citrifolia - Moraceae) and Blastophaga psenes (pollinator of F. carica) were found in galls from which insects had not emerged. P. tonduzi gynandromorph specimens showed female and male tissues distributed in a mosaic over all parts of the body, but with the genitalia predominantly masculine, while in B. psenes the individuals had a female front part and a male hind part. The presence of gynanadromorphs at low frequencies in two species suggests that they may also occur in other fig wasp species, but their occurrence is not noticed because of their low frequency and because it is necessary to crack open the closed galls to find these insects.1143152155Cook, J.M., Sex determination in the Hymenoptera: A review of models and evidence (1993) Heredity, 71, pp. 421-435Cook, J.M., Butcher, R.D.J., The transmission and effects of Wolbachia bacteria in parasitoids (1999) Researches on Population Ecology, 41, pp. 15-28Dobson, S.L., Bourtzis, K., Braig, H.R., Jones, B.F., Zhou, W.G., Rousset, F., O'Neill, S.L., Wolbachia infections are distributed throughout insect somatic and germ line tissues (1999) Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 29, pp. 153-160Gordh, G., Gulmahamad, H., A bilateral gynadromorphic Xylocopa taken in California (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (1975) Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 77, pp. 269-273Haltead, J.A., A gynandromorph of Hockeria rubra (Ashmead)(Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) (1988) Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 90, pp. 258-259Herre, E.A., Machado, C.A., Bermingham, E., Nason, J.D., Windsor, D.M., McCafferty, S.S., Van-Houten, W., Bachmann, K., Molecular phylogenies of figs and their pollinator wasps (1996) Journal of Biogeography, 23, pp. 521-530Hiroki, M., Kato, Y., Kamito, T., Miura, K., Feminization of genetic males by a symbiotic bacterium in a butterfly, Eurema hecabe (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) (2002) Naturwissenschaften, 89, pp. 167-170Huggert, L., Three gynandromorphic specimens of Idris piceiventris (Kieffer) (Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea: Scelionidae) (1977) Entomologica Scandinavica, 8, pp. 158-160Jones, S.R., Phillips Jr., S.A., Gynandromorphism in the ant Pheidole dentata Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1985) Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 87, pp. 583-586Kageyama, D., Nishimura, G., Hoshizaki, S., Ishikawa, Y., Feminizing Wolbachia in an insect, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) (2002) Heredity, 88, pp. 444-449Laugé, G., Sex determination: Genetic and epigenetic factors (1985) Comprehensive Insect Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Vol. 1. Embryogenesis and Reproduction, 1, 487p. , G. A. Kerkut and L. L. Gilbert (Editors). Pergamon Press, Oxford, EnglandMartini, A., Baldassari, N., Baronio, P., Gynandromorphism and its manifestations in Diprionid Hymenoptera (1999) Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia "Guido Grandi." dell'Università di Bologna, 53, pp. 87-107Nilsson, G.E., A gynandromorphic specimen of Evylaeus albipes (Fabricius)(Hymenoptera, Halictidae) and a discussion of possible causes of gynandromorphism in haplo-diploids insects (1987) Notulae Entomologicae, 67, pp. 157-162Ramírez, B.W., Host specificity of fig wasps (Agaonidae) (1970) Evolution, 24, pp. 680-691Ramírez, B.W., Marsh, P.M., A review of the genus Psenobolus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Costa Rica, an inquiline fig wasp with brachypterous males, with descriptions of two new species (1996) Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 5, pp. 64-72Rigaud, T., Juchault, P., Conflict between feminizing sex-ratio distorters and an autosomal masculinizing gene in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare latr. (1993) Genetics, 133, pp. 247-252Urban, D., Ginandromorfia em Alloscirtetica brethesi (Joergensen) (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae) (1999) Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 16, pp. 171-173Wiebes, J.T., Co-evolution of figs and their insect pollinators (1979) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 10, pp. 1-1