Female activity, gender pay gap and, inactivity and unemployment trap.

Disertacija istražuje četiri različita aspekta tržišta rada u Srbiji, a to su: aktivnost žena, rodni jaz u zaradama, zamka neaktivnosti i nezaposlenosti i modeliranje dinamike stope nezaposlenosti. Prvi cilj istraživanja je da se ispita da li je uzrok niske aktivnosti i zaposlenosti žena radnog uzrasta prisustvo dece i broj dece. Drugi cilj je ispitati da li razlika u zaradama između muškaraca i žena može biti objašnjena karakteristikama lica ili je razlika u zaradama posledica diskriminacije, ili je posledica oba efekta. Rodni jaz u zaradama posebno smo istražili za zaposlene kod poslodavca i za samozaposlene. Treći cilj jeste da se istraži da li se nezaposlena i neaktivna lica radnog uzrasta nalaze u zamci, odnosno da li je poresko-socijalni sistem destimulativan sa aspekta spremnosti pojedinca da radi za tržišnu zaradu. Četvrti cilj je ispitati dinamiku stope nezaposlenosti u Srbiji. Za istraživanje aktivnosti i zaposlenosti žena, rodnog jaza u zaradama, zamke neaktivnosti i nezaposlenosti koristimo mikropodatke Ankete o dohotku i uslovima života u periodu 2013−2016. Makroekonometrijska analiza se zasniva na podacima Republičkog zavoda za statistiku o stopi nezaposlenosti, indeksu potrošačkih cena i zaradama u periodu januar 2014 – septembar 2017. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da prisustvo dece smanjuje verovatnoću aktivnosti, ali ne utiče statistički značajno na verovatnoću zaposlenosti. Veći broj dece smanjuje verovatnoću aktivnosti i verovatnoću zaposlenosti žena sa decom. Uticaj prisustva dece na verovatnoću zaposlenost i aktivnosti je ocenjen probit metodom. Uticaj broja dece na verovatnoću aktivnosti i zaposlenosti žena sa decom je ocenjen probit metodom i metodom instrumentalnih varijabli, pri čemu dajemo prednost probit metodu. Žene u Srbiji zarađuju manje nego muškarci. Koristimo Oaxaca−Blinder metodu za dekomponovanje razlike u zaradama prema polu. Razlika u zaradama ne može biti objašnjena samo karakteristikama lica, već je posledica i diskriminacije. Objašnjeni deo jaza u zaradama je negativan, jer su karakteristike zaposlenih žena bolje nego karakteristike zaposlenih muškaraca. Razlika u karakteristikama lica doprinosi smanjenju Rezime iii jaza u zaradama.The dissertation investigates four different aspects of labour market in Serbia, such as female activity, gender pay gap, inactivity and unemployment trap and modelling unemployment rate dynamics. Firstly, we investigate whether low activity and the employment of working-age women is caused by the presence of children and the number of children. Secondly, we investigate whether the difference in wages between males and females can be explained by the difference in characteristics, or by discrimination, or by both effects. We estimate the gender pay gap for both the employees and the self-employed. Thirdly, we investigate unemployment and inactivity trap for the working-age people, i.e. if the tax-benefit system is destimulative for work for the market wage. Fourthly, the unemployment rate dynamics is investigated for Serbia. Survey of Income and Living Conditions microdata is used for female activity and employment, gender pay gap, unemployment and inactivity trap in the 2013-2016 period. Macroeconometric analysis is based on the data on unemployment rate, consumer price index and wages in the January 2014 – September 2017 period, published by Statistical Office of Republic of Serbia. According to our results, the presence of children reduces the probability to be active, but it does not have statistically significant influence on the probability to be employed. The number of children reduces both the probability to be active and the probability to be employed for women with children. We use probit method to estimate the influence of presence of children on the probability to be active and employed. We use probit method and instrumental variable method to estimate the influence of the number of children on the probability to be active and employed, whereas probit method is preferred. Women in Serbia earn less than men. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique is used for decomposing gender pay gap. The gender pay gap cannot only be explained by the difference in characteristics, but it is also the consequence of discrimination. Explained Abstract v part of the gender pay gap is negative, suggesting that employed women have better characteristics than employed men